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Gyalectaria Jamesii
''Gyalectaria'' is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Coccotremataceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2010 by Imke Schmitt, Klaus Kalb and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, with '' G. jamesii'' assigned as the type species. The three species transferred to the genus were originally placed in the large genus ''Pertusaria''. Molecular phylogenetics showed that they belong to a lineage distinct from and unrelated to that genus, but with a sister group relationship to the genus ''Coccotrema''. The genus name combines ''Gyalect''- (referring to the morphologically similar genus ''Gyalecta ''Gyalecta'' is a genus of fungi in the family Gyalectaceae that contains 50 species. ''Gyalecta'' was circumscribed by lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1808. Selected species *'' Gyalecta ancistrospora'' *''Gyalecta arbuti'' *''Gyalecta azorell ...'') and -''aria'', taken from the generic name ''Pertusaria''. Species *'' Gyalectaria diluta'' *'' Gyalectaria gyalectoides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klaus Kalb
Klaus Kalb (born 1942) is a German lichenologist and an authority on tropical lichens. Biography Klaus Kalb was born in Nuremberg in 1942 and grew up in southern Bavaria. From 1960 to 1965 he studied biology, chemistry, and geography at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg. Kalb was greatly interested in lichens and decided to pursue a doctoral degree; his thesis work was about lichen communities in the Ötztal Alps. From 1978–1981 he was a teacher at the Colégio Visconde de Porto Seguro in São Paulo, Brazil. This position afforded him the opportunity to initiate research into tropical lichens. Kalb earned his habilitation from the University of Regensburg in 1989, becoming an associate professor with that institution. In 2014, the University of Wisconsin herbarium purchased Kalb's lichen collection of 60,000 specimens for $75,000. With the acquisition of Kalb's collection, rich in tropical and European specimens, the herbarium houses about 70% of the world's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxa Described In 2010
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were set forth in Carl Linnaeus's system in ''Systema Naturae'', 10th edition (1758), as well as an unpublished work by Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The idea of a unit-based system of biological classification was first made widely available in 1805 in the int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pertusariales Genera
The Pertusariales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains the following families: Agyriaceae, Coccotremataceae, Icmadophilaceae, Megasporaceae, Microcaliciaceae, Ochrolechiaceae, Pertusariaceae, Varicellariaceae, and Variolariaceae. Many of these fungi form lichens. Gallery Image:Pertusaria_paratuberculifera_(EU).jpg, ''Pertusaria paratuberculifera'' (2 verrucae) Image:Pertusaria_paratuberculifera_(EU1).jpg, ''Pertusaria paratuberculifera ''Pertusaria'' is a large genus of warty crustose lichens in the Pertusariaceae family.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, The fruiting bodies are usually modified apothecia that immersed in warts ...'' (8 spores per ascus) References Lichen orders Lecanoromycetes orders Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth Taxa named by Maurice Choisy Taxa described in 1986 {{Pertusariales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pertusariales
The Pertusariales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains the following families: Agyriaceae, Coccotremataceae, Icmadophilaceae, Megasporaceae, Microcaliciaceae, Ochrolechiaceae, Pertusariaceae, Varicellariaceae, and Variolariaceae. Many of these fungi form lichen A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Pertusaria paratuberculifera'' (2 verrucae) Image:Pertusaria_paratuberculifera_(EU1).jpg, '' Pertusar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyalecta
''Gyalecta'' is a genus of fungi in the family Gyalectaceae that contains 50 species. ''Gyalecta'' was circumscribed by lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1808. Selected species *'' Gyalecta ancistrospora'' *''Gyalecta arbuti'' *''Gyalecta azorellae'' *''Gyalecta bicellulata'' *'' Gyalecta biformis'' *''Gyalecta calcicola'' *'' Gyalecta caudata'' *''Gyalecta caudiospora'' *''Gyalecta coralloidea'' *''Gyalecta derivata'' *''Gyalecta flotovii'' *''Gyalecta foveolaris'' *''Gyalecta geoica'' *''Gyalecta gyalizella'' *''Gyalecta herculina'' *'' Gyalecta himalayensis'' *''Gyalecta hokkaidica'' *'' Gyalecta incarnata'' *''Gyalecta jenensis'' *'' Gyalecta kibiensis'' *''Gyalecta lumbrispora'' *''Gyalecta lyngei'' *'' Gyalecta mediterranea'' *''Gyalecta nidarosiensis'' *''Gyalecta nigritella'' *''Gyalecta obesispora'' *''Gyalecta ophiospora'' *'' Gyalecta pellucida'' *''Gyalecta pittieriana'' *'' Gyalecta russula'' *''Gyalecta saxatilis'' *'' Gyalecta stellaris'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphology (biology)
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance ( shape, structure, colour, pattern, size), i.e. external morphology (or eidonomy), as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs, i.e. internal morphology (or anatomy). This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of gross structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. History The etymology of the word "morphology" is from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "form", and (), meaning "word, study, research". While the concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle (see Aristotle's biology), the field of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coccotrema
''Coccotrema'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the type genus of the family Coccotremataceae, in the order Pertusariales. The genus contains 16 species. Taxonomy ''Coccotrema'' was circumscribed by Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1889, with ''Coccotrema antarcticum'' assigned as the type species. In a 2001 publication, Schmidt and colleagues showed, using molecular phylogenetics, that the species then known as ''Lepolichen coccophorus'' (the type species of the genus ''Lepolichen'', created by Trevisan in 1853) was nested in a clade that contained ''Coccotrema'' species, and so transferred that species into ''Coccotrema'', as ''Coccotrema coccophorum''. However, the genus ''Lepolichen'' is older than ''Coccotrema'', and so its name has priority according to the rules for botanical nomenclature. To minimize nomenclatural disruption, Alan Fryday and colleagues submitted a proposal to conserve the name ''Coccotrema'' against ''Lepolichen''. Species *'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lineage (evolution)
An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant.The Oxford English Dictionary defines biological lineage as "a sequence of species each of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessorOED definition of lineage/ref> Lineages are subsets of the evolutionary tree of life. Lineages are often determined by the techniques of molecular systematics. Phylogenetic representation of lineages 299x299px, A rooted tree of life into three ancient monophyletic lineages: archaea.html" ;"title="bacteria, archaea">bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes based on rRNA genes Lineages are typically visualized as subsets of a phylogenetic tree. A lineage is a single line of descent or linear chain within the tree, while a clade is a (usually branched) monophyletic group, containing a single ancestor and all its descendants. Phylogenetic trees are typically created from DNA, RNA or prot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pertusaria
''Pertusaria'' is a large genus of warty crustose lichens in the Pertusariaceae family.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, The fruiting bodies are usually modified apothecia that immersed in warts on the main body (thallus) with small holes for the spores to emerge, similar to ostioles, or are fully above and lecanorine (spore bearing discs surrounded by a ring of tissue similar to the tissue of the thallus. Members of the genus are commonly called wart lichens. The widespread genus contains over 500 species. Classification in the large genus relies heavily on thallus chemistry to distinguish and classify species, some of which differ only in the presence or absence of a single secondary chemical. Lichexanthone, norlichexanthone, and their chlorinated derivatives are common in this genus. Selected species * '' Pertusaria amara'' * '' Pertusaria californica'' *''Pertusaria diluta'' * '' Pertusaria favicunda'' * ''Pertusaria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helge Thorsten Lumbsch
Helge Thorsten Lumbsch (born 1964) is a German-born lichenologist living in the United States. His research interests include the phylogeny, taxonomy, and phylogeography of lichen-forming fungi; lichen diversity; lichen chemistry and chemotaxonomy. He is the Associate Curator and Head of Cryptogams and Chair of the Department of Botany at the Field Museum of Natural History. Biography Lumbsch was born in Frankfurt in 1964. Interested in lichens already as a schoolboy, he studied natural sciences at the University of Marburg, under the tutelage of Aino Henssen. He received his diploma in 1989, with a dissertation titled ''Ontogenetisch-systematische Studien der Trapeliaceae und verwandter Familien (Lichenisierte Ascomyceten)'' ("Ontogenic-systematic studies of the Trapeliaceae and related families (lichenized ascomycetes"). After Henssen's retirement in 1990, he transferred to the University in Essen, where he worked on the ''Lecanora subfusca'' group in Australasia, a subje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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