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Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
Count Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt (; 31 March 1757 – 19 August 1814) was a Finnish-Swedish count, baron, courtier, general and diplomat who was later in Russian service. In Finland, he is considered one of the greatest Finnish statesmen. His advice to Alexander I of Russia was of utmost importance for securing the autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Finland. Career in the Kingdom of Sweden Born in Tarvasjoki, Finland, into the noble Armfelt, Armfelt family, he was the great grandson of Charles XII of Sweden's general, Carl Gustaf Armfeldt. In 1774, Armfelt became an ensign (rank), ensign in the guards, but his frivolous behavior involving a duel provoked the displeasure of Gustav III of Sweden. As a result, he thought it prudent to go abroad 1778. Subsequently, however, in 1780, Armfelt met the king again at Spa, Belgium, Spa in the Austrian Netherlands and completely won over the previously disgruntled monarch with his natural amiability, intelligence and social gifts. Henceforth, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Excellency
Excellency is an honorific style (manner of address), style given to certain high-level officers of a sovereign state, officials of an international organization, or members of an aristocracy. Once entitled to the title "Excellency", the holder usually retains the right to that courtesy throughout their lifetime, although in some cases the title is attached to a particular office and is held only during tenure of that office. Generally people addressed as ''Excellency'' are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, Roman Catholic bishops, high-ranking ecclesiastics, and others holding equivalent rank, such as heads of international organizations. Members of royal families generally have distinct addresses such as Majesty, Highness, etc.. While not a title of office itself, the honorific ''Excellency'' precedes various titles held by the holder, both in speech and in writing. In reference to such an official, it takes the form ''His'' or ''Her Excellency''; in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Of The Fourth Coalition
The War of the Fourth Coalition () was a war spanning 1806–1807 that saw a multinational coalition fight against Napoleon's First French Empire, French Empire, subsequently being defeated. The main coalition partners were Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia and Russian Empire, Russia with Electorate of Saxony, Saxony, Franco-Swedish War, Sweden, and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Great Britain also contributing. Excluding Prussia, some members of the coalition had previously been fighting France as part of the War of the Third Coalition, Third Coalition, and there was no intervening period of general peace. On 9 October 1806, Prussia declared war on France and joined a renewed coalition, fearing the rise in French power after the defeat of Austrian Empire, Austria and establishment of the French-sponsored Confederation of the Rhine in addition to having learned of French plans to cede Prussian-desired Electorate of Hanover, Hanover to Britain in exchange for peace. Prussi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles XII Of Sweden
Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII () or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 Old Style and New Style dates, O.S.), was King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of the House of Wittelsbach. Charles was the only surviving son of Charles XI of Sweden, Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder. He assumed power, after a seven-month caretaker government, at the age of fifteen. In 1700, a triple alliance of Denmark–Norway, Electorate of Saxony, Saxony–Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland–Lithuania and Tsardom of Russia, Russia launched a threefold attack on the Swedish protectorate of Holstein-Gottorp and provinces of Swedish Livonia, Livonia and Swedish Ingria, Ingria, aiming to take advantage of the Swedish Empire being unaligned and ruled by a young and inexperienced king, thus initiating the Great Northern War. Leading the Swedish army against the alliance, Charles won multiple victories despite being si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armfelt
The Armfelt family (also Armfeldt) is a Swedish, Finnish and a Russian noble family. Members of this family were awarded with the title of Baron and Count in Sweden. There were two lines of the family, one living in Sweden, which died out in 1868 and the other one in Finland, that in 1952 has regained the right of representation at Sweden's Knighthood. History The progenitor of the Armfelt family, Lars Eriksson, was originally from Frösön, Jämtland, Sweden, and he was knighted under the name Armfelt in 1648. General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt was granted the title of Swedish Baron in 1731, and all of his male descendants inherited this baronial title. In the Finnish War of 1809, the Russian Empire conquered Finland from Sweden. Following this, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, who also held the title of Grand Duke of Finland, established the Grand Duchy of Finland. General, Baron Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt moved from Sweden to Finland in 1811. He is recognized as one of the founding f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Duchy Of Finland
The Grand Duchy of Finland was the predecessor state of modern Finland. It existed from 1809 to 1917 as an Autonomous region, autonomous state within the Russian Empire. Originating in the 16th century as a titular grand duchy held by the Monarchy of Sweden, King of Sweden, the country became autonomous after its annexation by Russia in the Finnish War of 1808–1809. The Grand Duke of Finland was the House of Romanov, Romanov Emperor of Russia, represented by the Governor-General of Finland, Governor-General. Due to the governmental structure of the Russian Empire and Finnish initiative, the Grand Duchy's autonomy expanded until the end of the 19th century. The Senate of Finland, founded in 1809, became the most important governmental organ and the precursor to the modern Government of Finland, the Supreme Court of Finland, and the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland. Economic, social and political changes in the Grand Duchy of Finland paralleled those in the Russian Empire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finland
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Finland has a population of 5.6 million. Its capital and largest city is Helsinki. The majority of the population are Finns, ethnic Finns. The official languages are Finnish language, Finnish and Swedish language, Swedish; 84.1 percent of the population speak the first as their mother tongue and 5.1 percent the latter. Finland's climate varies from humid continental climate, humid continental in the south to boreal climate, boreal in the north. The land cover is predominantly boreal forest biome, with List of lakes of Finland, more than 180,000 recorded lakes. Finland was first settled around 9000 BC after the Last Glacial Period, last Ice Age. During the Stone Age, various cultures emerged, distinguished by differen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Courtier
A courtier () is a person who attends the royal court of a monarch or other royalty. The earliest historical examples of courtiers were part of the retinues of rulers. Historically the court was the centre of government as well as the official residence of the monarch, and the social and political life were often completely mixed together. Background Monarchs very often expected the more important nobles to spend much of the year in attendance on them at court. Not all courtiers were noble, as they included clergy, soldiers, clerks, secretaries, agents and middlemen with business at court. All those who held a court appointment could be called courtiers but not all courtiers held positions at court. Those personal favourites without business around the monarch, sometimes called the camarilla, were also considered courtiers. As social divisions became more rigid, a divide, barely present in Antiquity or the Middle Ages, opened between menial servants and other classes at c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hedvig Ulrika De La Gardie
Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie (29 November 1761 in Stockholm, Sweden – 7 February 1832 in Stockholm), was a Swedish lady-in-waiting. She was married to Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt. She was the head governess of the Swedish royal children in 1799–1803. Biography Early life Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie was the daughter of count Carl Julius De la Gardie and countess Magdalena Christina Stenbock (family), Stenbock. Her mother was Mistress of the Robes to Princess Sophie Albertine of Sweden, and she herself was a maid of honour, maid of honor to the Queen, Sophia Magdalena of Denmark. She was a participator in the amateur theatre society of King Gustav III at the royal court. She was married on 7 August 1785 at Drottningholm Palace to the King's favorite Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt. The marriage was arranged by the King. Armfelt was said to have married her because of her rank and the status of her surname: he treated her with respect but never loved her and had a parallel relationship with M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lord Of The Realm
The Lord of the Realm (, ) was a title of honour introduced by Gustavus III, King of Sweden shortly after his coup and the newly passed constitution. The title was granted by the King and was first received by Frederick William, Prince von Hessenstein on 15 January 1773 by letter. One of the most famous title holders was Hans Axel, Count von Fersen, the supposed lover and confidant of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France. The title was not hereditary nor assigned with any function or appointment at the Royal Court or in public life. It was simply meant as a great honour bestowed upon deserving individuals after years of accomplished service to the King and Country. The title holder was styled "Excellency" and ranked equal to Privy Councillors. They also had the right to wear the Privy Councillor's robes. On 10 January 1868, the title was officially defunct. List of title holders The following list is in alphabetical order: * Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt (1757–1814) * Car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of The Sword
The Royal Order of the Sword (officially: ''Royal Order of the Sword''; Swedish: ''Kungliga Svärdsorden'') is a Swedish order of chivalry and military decoration created by King Frederick I of Sweden on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Seraphim and the Order of the Polar Star. The motto of the order is in Latin: ''Pro Patria'' (which means "For heFatherland"). Awarded to officers, and originally intended as an award for bravery and particularly long or useful service, it eventually became a more or less obligatory award for military officers after a certain number of years in service. There were originally three grades, ''Knight'', ''Commander'' and ''Commander Grand Cross'', but these were later multiplied by division into classes. On 20 December 2022, the Swedish Government published a new regulation that repealed the 1974 regulation, and once again opened the Royal Orders to Swedish citizens again and reactivated the Order of the Sword and the Order of Vas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Order Of The Seraphim
The Royal Order of the Seraphim (; '' Seraphim'' being a category of angels) is the highest order of chivalry of the Kingdom of Sweden. It was created by King Frederick I on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the Polar Star. The order has only one class with the dignity of ''Knight''. Since 2023, no distinction is made anymore, but prior to that, only men were designated as knights, while women and priests who received the order were referred to as ''Member'' and ''Member of the Cloth'', respectively.The Order of the Seraphim - website of the Chancery of the Royal Orders of Sweden The Collar may be bestowed upon Knights of the Order of the Seraphim as a special mark of honor and is not automatically included upon conferral. This change, regarding the Collar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Lier (1808)
The Battle of Lier was fought on 18 April 1808, between Swedish and Norwegian forces, during a Swedish invasion of Norway. The Swedes crossed the border in several brigades, of which the General-in-chief, Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, followed the first; he arrived at the strong Norwegian position at Lier and decided to attack it, to reach Kongsvinger Fortress. Before launching the main attack, the Swedes made diversionary attacks on the flanks, of which the left one was particularly successful; Bernt Peter Kreutz, the Norwegian commander, reacted by shifting over troops to his threatened flank, which enabled the Swedes to capture his exposed right. Meanwhile, the Norwegian redoubt covering the road was likewise captured, as the Swedish main army swiftly attacked. Kreutz decided to retreat by the evening, fearing he would be cut off from the Kongsvinger fortress. Armfelt did not follow up his victory, instead remaining at Lier until late May, when he received orders to withdraw; t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
