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Gunchen Chanyu
Junchen (, Old Chinese ( ZS): *''kun-gin''; r. 161–126 BCE) was the son and successor to Laoshang Chanyu. As ''chanyu'' of the Xiongnu Empire, Junchen outlived the Han emperors Wen (r. 180–157 BC) and Jing (r. 157–141 BC). He died during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC). All three Han emperors confirmed the ''heqin'' peace and kinship treaty with the Xiongnu. Life Junchen succeeded his father, Laoshang Chanyu, in 161 BCE. Although peace with the Han dynasty generally persisted under his reign, Xiongnu raids still occurred in 158, 148, 144, and 142 BCE. The Chinese annals note that mutual relations were imperiled on a number of occasions, which included appeals of the Chinese contenders for the Xiongnu's assistance and protection, the Xiongnu's retaliatory raids as punishments for violation of the treaty terms, and one direct Chinese assault against the ''Chanyu''. The Xiongnu were especially sensitive about unimperiled trade relations, which were one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chanyu
Chanyu () or Shanyu (), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "''Khagan''" in 402 AD. The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Tujue leaders. Etymology According to the ''Book of Han'', "the Xiongnu called the Tian, Heaven (天) ''Tengri, Chēnglí'' (撐犁) and they called a child (子) ''gūtú'' (孤塗). As for ''Chányú'' (單于), it is a "vast [and] great appearance" (廣大之貌).". L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that the title ''chanyu'' may be equivalent to the later attested title ''tarkhan'', suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally ''dān-ĥwāĥ'', an approximation for ''*darxan''.Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentrala ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Mayi
The Battle of Mayi (), also known as the Scheme of Mayi (馬邑之謀) or the Encirclement at Mayi (馬邑之圍), was an abortive ambush operation by the Han dynasty against the invading Xiongnu forces led by Junchen Chanyu, with minimal casualties from both sides. Although no fighting took place, it marked the end of ''de jure'' peace between the Han dynasty and the Xiongnu, and led to the beginning of the subsequent Han–Xiongnu Wars. The failure of the operation also motivated the Han court to develop effective cavalry forces and the use of offensive expeditionary military policies. Background Before the Battle of Mayi, there had been two main encounters between the Han Chinese and the Xiongnu. During the Warring States period, General Li Mu of the State of Zhao defeated the Xiongnu by luring them deep inside Zhao territory and ambushing them. With similar tactics, General Meng Tian of the Qin dynasty drove the Xiongnu north for and built the Great Wall at the edge of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shang Commandery
Shang Commandery ( zh, c=上郡, l=Upper Commandery) was a historical commandery of China. It was located in modern-day Northern Shaanxi. The commandery was established during the reign of Marquess Wen of Wei. In 328 BC, it was annexed by the Qin state. The seat was Fushi (膚施), to the south of modern Yulin, Shaanxi. During the Chu–Han Contention, Shang was granted to Dong Yi, a Qin general who received the title "King of Di" from Xiang Yu. After Dong's defeat in 205 BC, the territory became part of Han. In late Western Han dynasty, Shang included 23 counties, namely Fushi (膚施), Dule (獨樂), Yangzhou (陽周), Muhe (木禾), Pingdu (平都), Qianshui (淺水), Jingshi (京室), Luodu (洛都), Baitu (白土), Xiangluo (襄洛), Yuandu (原都), Qiyuan (漆垣), Sheyan (奢延), Diaoyin (雕陰), Tuixie (推邪), Zhenlin (楨林), Gaowang (高望), Diaoyindao (雕陰道), Qiuci (龜茲), Dingyang (定陽), Gaonu (), Wangsong (望松) and Yidu (宜都). The populati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dingxiang Commandery
Dingxiang Commandery ( zh, 定襄郡) was a historical commandery of China. It was located in the southern part of modern Hohhot and Ulanqab prefectures in Inner Mongolia. The commandery was separated from Yunzhong during Emperor Gaozu of Han's reign. In late Western Han dynasty, it administered 12 counties, namely Chengle (成樂), Tongguo (桐過), Duwu (都武), Wujin (武進), Xiangyin (襄陰), Wugao (武皋), Luo (駱), Antao (安陶), Wucheng (武成), Wuyao (武要), Dingxiang (定襄) and Fulu (復陸). The population was 163,144 in 38,559 households in 2 AD. The commandery was briefly abandoned from 34 to 50 AD due to Xiongnu invasions. In 50 AD, the Southern Xiongnu submitted to Han control, and the commandery was partly restored to resettle former residents and the Xiongnu. 6 northern counties were abolished, and later 3 more were transferred to Yunzhong Commandery, while Shanwu (善無) and Zhongling (中陵) counties were added from Yanmen Commandery. In 140 AD ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuqi King
The Tuqi King ( zh, c=屠耆王, p=Túqí wáng, w=T'u-ch'i wang) was a high office of the Xiongnu, a title also known to the Chinese as "worthy/wise prince/king".Chen (1999), p. 237–277Ma (2005), p. 397–411 In the 6th to 8th centuries, Chinese annalists used the expression 贤王 ''Xian wang'' only in reference to the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. The Tuqi King of the Left was generally designated as the successor of the chanyu. Two titles were awarded with each of them a commander-in-chief who derived his power from the eastern and western territories respectively. These served as two wings alongside the chanyu's main domain. The Chinese annalistic explanation was a "Worthy Prince of the Left (East)" and "Worthy Prince of the Right (West)". This organization of the state was traditional for the Eurasian nomadic states from the Huns to the Turkic Khanates. Etymology Scholars, using the pronunciation of the Qing dynasty, phoneticized 屠耆 as (), which is a direct rendering of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ordos Loop
The Ordos Plateau, also known as the Ordos Basin or simply the Ordos, is a highland sedimentary basin in parts of most Northern China with an elevation of , and consisting mostly of land enclosed by the Ordos Loop, a large northerly rectangular bend of the Yellow River. It is China's second largest sedimentary basin (after the Tarim Basin) with a total area of , and includes territories from five provinces, namely Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and a thin fringe of Shanxi (western border counties of Xinzhou, Lüliang and Linfen), but is demographically dominated by the former three, hence is also called the Shaan-Gan-Ning Basin. The basin is bounded in the east by the Lüliang Mountains, north by the Yin Mountains, west by the Helan Mountains, and south by the Huanglong Mountains, Meridian Ridge and Liupan Mountains. The name "Ordos" ( Mongolian: ) comes from the '' orda'', which originally means "palaces" or "court" in Old Turkic. The seventh largest prefectu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yanmen Commandery
Yanmen Commandery was an administrative subdivision (''jùn'') of the state of Zhao established BC and of northern imperial Chinese dynasties until AD758. It occupied lands in what is now Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. Its first seat was at Shanwu (near present-day Youyu, Shanxi); its later seats moved southeast to the more defensible sites at Yinguan (within present-day Shuozhou, Shanxi) and Guangwu (near present-day Daixian, Shanxi). Name The name derives from Yanmen Pass in Shanxi's Dai County. Yanmen, meaning "Wild Goose Pass". or "Wildgoose Gate", takes its name from the wild geese that migrate through the area. History Zhao Kingdom Yanmen Commandery was first established around 300BC during China's Warring States period by the state of Zhao's King Yong, posthumously known as the Wuling ("Martial-&-Numinous") King.. It covered territory in what is now northern Shanxi and southern Inner Mongolia.. He created Yanmen Commandery along with its companion commanderies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
You Province
You Prefecture or You Province, also known by its Chinese language, Chinese name Youzhou, was a prefecture (''Zhou (country subdivision), zhou'') in North China, northern China during its imperial era. "You Province" was cited in some ancient sources as one of the Nine Provinces (China), nine or twelve Provinces, twelve original provinces of China around the 22nd century BC, but You Prefecture was used in actual administration from 106 BC to the tenth century. As is standard in Chinese language, Chinese, the same name "Youzhou" was also often used to describe the prefectural seat or provincial capital from which the area was administered. You was first created in 106 BC as a province-sized prefecture during the Western Han dynasty to administer a large swath of the dynasty's northern frontier that stretched from modern-day Shanxi Province in the west and Shandong Province in the south, through northeastern Hebei Province, southern Liaoning Province and southern Inner Mongolia to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuyang Commandery
Yuyang Commandery ( zh, 漁陽郡) was a commandery in imperial China from Qin dynasty to Tang dynasty. It was located in present-day Hebei province as well as Beijing and Tianjin municipalities. The commandery was established by the state of Yan, and was so named because of its location to the north of the Yu River (now Chaobai River). The commandery was situated on the empire's northern frontier and played a major role in Qin and Han dynasties' defense against the Xiongnu and other northern peoples. In western Han dynasty, the commandery administered 12 counties, including Yuyang, Hunu (狐奴), Lu (路), Yongnu (雍奴), Quanzhou (泉州), Pinggu (平谷), Anle (安樂), Tixi (厗奚), Guangping (獷平), Yaoyang (要陽), Baitan (白檀) and Huayan (滑鹽), the last 3 of which were abolished during the eastern Han dynasty. The total number of households was 68,802 in 2 AD, while the population was 264,416. In 140 AD, the population was 435,740, and the households numbered 68 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Li Guang
Li Guang (184–119 BCE) was a Chinese military general of the Western Han dynasty. Nicknamed "Flying General" by the Xiongnu, he fought primarily in the campaigns against the nomadic Xiongnu tribes to the north of China. He was known to the Xiongnu as a tough opponent when it came to fortress defense, and his presence was sometimes enough for the Xiongnu to abort a siege. Li Guang committed suicide shortly after the Battle of Mobei in 119 BC. He was blamed for failing to arrive at the battlefield in time (after getting lost in the desert), creating a gap in the encirclement and allowing Ichise Chanyu to escape after a confrontation between Wei Qing and the Chanyu's main force, which the Han army narrowly managed to defeat. Refusing to accept the humiliation of a court-martial, Li Guang killed himself. Li Guang belonged to the Longxi branch of the Li clan ( 隴西李氏). Li Guang was a descendant of Laozi and the Qin general Li Xin, as well as an ancestor of the Western ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gongsun Ao
Gongsun Ao (died 96 BCE) was a Chinese military commander and general during the Western Han dynasty of China. He was noted for participating in the imperial campaigns against the Xiongnu. Life Gongsun Ao was from Beidi which is presently in modern Heshui, Gansu. Gongsun Ao was known to be a skilled rider and archer. He entered service in the imperial palace as a cavalryman, and participated in small campaigns during the reign of Emperor Jing. Gongsun Ao became friends with Wei Qing after rescuing him from the custody of Princess Liu Piao (an elder sister of Emperor Jing) in 138 BC; Liu was the mother of Empress Chen Jiao, who was then madly jealous of Wei Zifu, Wei Qing's half-sister, who had the favour of Emperor Wu of Han. Gongsun Ao was promoted to a higher post as Superior Grand Master of the Palace. Ao later partook in Wei Qing's many campaigns against the Xiongnu. For instance, he led 15,000 cavalry in one of the early campaigns but he failed to engage the Huns after trav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
