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Gudeul
(; , ; ) or ''gudeul'' (; ) in Korean traditional architecture is underfloor heating that uses direct heat transfer from wood smoke to heat the underside of a thick masonry floor. In modern usage, it refers to any type of underfloor heating, or to a hotel or a sleeping room in Korean (as opposed to Western) style. The main components of the traditional ondol are an ''agungi'' (; ), a '' firebox'' or ''stove'', accessible from an adjoining room (typically kitchen or master bedroom), a raised masonry floor underlain by horizontal smoke passages, and a vertical, freestanding chimney on the opposite exterior wall providing a draft. The heated floor, supported by stone piers or baffles to distribute the smoke, is covered by stone slabs, clay and an impervious layer such as oiled paper. History Origin Use of the has been found at archaeological sites in present-day North Korea. A Neolithic Age archaeological site, ''circa'' 5000 BC, discovered in Sonbong, Rason, in present-day North ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ondol
(; , ; ) or ''gudeul'' (; ) in Korean traditional architecture is underfloor heating that uses direct heat transfer from wood smoke to heat the underside of a thick masonry floor. In modern usage, it refers to any type of underfloor heating, or to a hotel or a sleeping room in Korean (as opposed to Western) style. The main components of the traditional ondol are an '' agungi'' (; ), a '' firebox'' or '' stove'', accessible from an adjoining room (typically kitchen or master bedroom), a raised masonry floor underlain by horizontal smoke passages, and a vertical, freestanding chimney on the opposite exterior wall providing a draft. The heated floor, supported by stone piers or baffles to distribute the smoke, is covered by stone slabs, clay and an impervious layer such as oiled paper. History Origin Use of the has been found at archaeological sites in present-day North Korea. A Neolithic Age archaeological site, ''circa'' 5000 BC, discovered in Sonbong, Rason, in present-day ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biomass
Biomass is a term used in several contexts: in the context of ecology it means living organisms, and in the context of bioenergy it means matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms. In the latter context, there are variations in how biomass is defined, e.g., only from plants, from plants and algae, from plants and animals. The vast majority of biomass used for bioenergy does come from plants and fecal matter. Bioenergy is a type of renewable energy that the bioenergy industry claims has the potential to assist with climate change mitigation. Uses in different contexts Ecology * Biomass (ecology), the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time. This can be the biomass of particular species or the biomass of a particular community or habitat. Energy * Biomass (energy), biomass used for energy production or in other words: biological mass used as a renewable energy source (usually produced through agriculture, forestry or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rocket Mass Heater
A rocket mass heater (RMH), also known as rocket stove mass heater, is a form of slow-release Thermal radiation, radiant heating system, designed to primarily heat people and secondarily to warm areas in Sightline, line of sight around it. Variations of RMH can also be extended for the functions of cooking, Water heating, heating water, and producing warm air for distribution. Rocket mass heaters are developed from rocket stoves, a type of wood-burning stoves, wood-burning stove, and masonry heaters. A primary design of a rocket mass heater consists of an Thermal insulation, insulated combustion chamber where fuel is burned with high efficiency at high temperature, and a large thermal mass in contact with the exhaust gases, which absorbs most of the generated heat before the gases are released to the atmosphere. According to anecdotes a rocket mass heater might reduce fuel consumption by 80–90% compared to "conventional" stoves. In contrast to conventional wood-burning stoves a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masonry Heater
A masonry heater (also called a masonry stove) is a device for warming an interior space through radiant heating, by capturing the heat from periodic burning of fuel (usually wood), and then radiating the heat at a fairly constant temperature for a long period. Masonry heaters covered in tile are called Kachelofen (also tile stoves or ceramic stoves). The technology has existed in different forms, from back into the Neoglacial and Neolithic periods. Archaeological digs have revealed excavations of ancient inhabitants utilizing hot smoke from fires in their subterranean dwellings, to radiate into the living spaces. These early forms eventually evolved into modern systems. Evidence found from 5,000 BC of massive blocks of masonry used to retain heat foreshadowed Underfloor heating#History/, early forms of fire hearths that were used as multifunctional heating sources. Later evolutions came in the Roman ''hypocaust'', Chinese Kang bed-stove, kang, Korean ondol and Spanish Gloria (h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Stove
The Russian stove () is a type of masonry stove that first appeared in the 15th century or earlier. These stoves combine the functions of a traditional stove, oven, and fireplace into a single unit, and serve a broad range of purposes, including cooking (boiling, baking, and smoking), drying plants and mushrooms, providing interior heating and ventilation, bathing, and providing a warm place to sleep (many units include a sleeping berth atop the stove). They can be found in traditional Russian, Ukrainian, Romanian, and Belarusian households. Such stoves burn only firewood. Design A Russian stove is designed to retain heat for long periods of time. This is achieved by channeling the smoke and hot air produced by combustion through a complex labyrinth of passages, warming the bricks from which the stove is constructed. A brick flue () in the attic, sometimes with a chamber for smoking food, is required to slow down the cooling of the stove. The Russian stove is usually in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gloria (heating System)
Gloria (meaning ''glory'' in Spanish) is a central heating system used in Castile, beginning in the Middle Ages. It is a direct descendant of the Roman hypocaust, and its feature of regulating the rate of combustion allows people to use smaller, cheaper materials for fuel, such as leaves, hay, or twigs, instead of wood. Description The gloria consists of a firebox, generally located outside (in a courtyard, for example), which burns the fuel, and one or more ducts which run under the floors of the rooms to be heated. The warm exhaust gases from the combustion pass through these ducts and then are released outside through a vertical flue. Historically, glorias used pine needles for fuel and pine cones for kindling, in both cases using what would otherwise be waste material, saving firewood for cooking and smithing, as well as hay and silage for animal fodder. The rate of combustion (and therefore the heat output) can be regulated by restricting the airflow into the firebox. M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypocaust
A hypocaust () is a system of central heating in a building that produces and circulates hot air below the floor of a room, and may also warm the walls with a series of pipes through which the hot air passes. This air can warm the upper floors as well. The word derives from Ancient Greek ''hupó'' and ''kaustós'' (compare '' caustic''). The earliest reference to such a system suggests that the Temple of Ephesus in 350 BC was heated in this manner, although Vitruvius attributes its invention to Sergius Orata in c. 80 BC. Its invention improved the hygiene and living conditions of citizens, and was a forerunner of modern central heating. Roman operation Hypocausts were used for heating hot baths and other public buildings in ancient Rome. They were also used in private homes. It was considered proper and necessary by the wealthier merchant class for their villas, throughout the Roman Empire. The ruins of Roman hypocausts have been found throughout Europe (for example in It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kang Bed-stove
The ''kang'' (; Manchu: ''nahan'', ) is a traditional heated platform, 2 metres or more long, used for general living, working, entertaining and sleeping in the northern part of China, where the winter climate is cold. It is made of bricks or other forms of fired clay and more recently of concrete in some locations. The word ''kang'' means "to dry". Its interior cavity, leading to an often-convoluted flue system, channels the hot exhaust from a firewood/coal fireplace, usually the cooking fire from an adjacent room that serves as a kitchen, sometimes from a stove set below floor level. This allows a longer contact time between the exhaust (which still contains much heat from the combustion source) and (indirectly) the inside of the room, hence more heat transfer/recycling back into the room, effectively making it a ducted heating system similar to the Roman hypocaust. A separate stove may be used to control the amount of smoke circulating through the ''kang'', maintaining comfo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Korean Architecture
Korean architecture () refers to an architectural style that developed over centuries in Korea. Throughout the history of Korea, various kingdoms and royal dynasties have developed a unique style of architecture with influences from Korean Buddhism, Buddhism and Korean Confucianism. Having been deeply influenced by Chinese architecture, traditional Korean architecture can be mostly recognized by its sloping roofs. Just like in the case of Korean arts, other Korean arts, Korean architecture is distinguished by its naturalistic tendencies, simplicity, economy of shape, and avoidance of extremes. General characteristics In Korean architecture, buildings are structured vertically and horizontally. A construction usually rises from a stone subfoundation to a curved roof covered with tiles, held by a console structure and supported on posts; walls are made of earth (adobe) or are sometimes totally composed of movable wooden doors. Architecture is built according to the Kan (unit), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culture Of Korea
The traditional culture of Korea is the shared cultural and historical heritage of Korea before the division of Korea in 1945. Since the mid-20th century, Korea has been split between the North Korean and South Korean sovereign state, states, resulting in a number of cultural differences that can be observed even today. Before the Joseon period, the practice of Korean shamanism was deeply rooted in Korean culture. Clothing The traditional dress known as ''hanbok'' (; alternatively ''joseonot;'' in North Korea) has been worn since ancient times. The ''hanbok'' consists of a shirt (''jeogori'') and a skirt (''chima''). According to social status, Koreans used to dress differently, making clothing an important mark of social rank. Costumes were worn by the ruling class and the royal family. These upper classes also used jewellery, jewelry to distance themselves from the ordinary people. A traditional item of jewellery for women was a pendant in the shape of certain elem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Korean Won
The South Korean won (symbol: ₩; code: KRW; ) is the official currency of South Korea. A single won is divided into 100 jeon, the monetary subunit. The jeon is no longer used for everyday transactions, and it appears only in foreign exchange rates. The currency is issued by the Bank of Korea, based in the capital city of Seoul. Etymology The old "won" was a cognate of the Chinese yuan, which was derived from the Spanish-American silver dollar. It is derived from the hanja (, ), meaning "round", which describes the shape of the silver dollar. The won was subdivided into 100 (), itself a cognate of the East Asian unit of weight mace and synonymous with money in general. The current won (1962 to present) is written in hangul only and does not officially have any hanja associated with it. First South Korean won History The Korean won, Chinese yuan and Japanese yen were all derived from the Spanish-American silver dollar, a coin widely used for international trade bet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright Sr. (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed List of Frank Lloyd Wright works, more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing architects worldwide through his works and mentoring hundreds of apprentices in his Taliesin Fellowship. Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment, a philosophy he called ''organic architecture''. This philosophy was exemplified in ''Fallingwater'' (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture". Wright was a pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie School movement of architecture and also developed the concept of the Usonian home within Broadacre City, his vision for urban planning in the United States. He also designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
