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Grande-Synthe Climate Case
''Commune de Grande-Synthe v. France'' is a lawsuit filed by the commune of Grande-Synthe against the Government of France, alleging that the government has not taken enough action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to fulfill its commitments according to domestic and international law. In July 2021, the Conseil d'État ruled that the French government must take all necessary measures to reduce emissions by March 2022. Facts In 2015, the European Union, including France as a member state, under the Paris Agreement, committed to reduce domestic greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% compared to 1990 levels by 2030. This commitment was part of the EU's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution aimed at keeping the global temperature increase below 2°C. Grande-Synthe, a small coastal city in northern France particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, claims that the French government fails to take sufficient measures to lower greenhouse gas emissions in order inter alia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grande-Synthe
Grande-Synthe (; vls, Groot-Sinten) is a commune in the Nord department in the Nord-Pas de Calais region in northern France. It is the third-largest suburb of the city of Dunkerque (Dunkirk) and lies adjacent to it on the west. History In 1980, a large part of Petite-Synthe was detached from Dunkerque and included in Grande-Synthe. Heraldry Population Politics Presidential Elections 2nd Round International relations Grande-Synthe is twinned with: * Suwałki in Poland Personalities * Remy Vercoutre footballer *Lucas Pouille tennis player Transport * Gare de Grande-Synthe railway station. See also *Communes of the Nord department The following is a list of the 648 communes of the Nord department of the French Republic. The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020): [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of France
The Government of France (French: ''Gouvernement français''), officially the Government of the French Republic (''Gouvernement de la République française'' ), exercises executive power in France. It is composed of the Prime Minister, who is the head of government, as well as both senior and junior ministers. The Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the Government, was established in the Constitution in 1958. Its members meet weekly at the Élysée Palace in Paris. The meetings are presided over by the President of France, the head of state, although the officeholder is not a member of the Government. The Government's most senior ministers are titled as ministers of state (''ministres d'État''), followed in protocol order by ministers (''ministres''), ministers delegate (''ministres délégués''), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state (''secrétaires d'État''). All members of the Government, who are appointed by the President followi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. The largest emitters include coal in China and large oil and gas companies, many state-owned by OPEC and Russia. Human-caused emissions have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but it was consistent among all greenhouse gases (GHG). Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than ever before. Electricity generation and transport are major emitters; the largest single source, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, is transportation, accounting for 27% of all USA greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation and other changes in land use also emit carbon dioxide and methane. The largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions is agriculture, closely follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conseil D'État (France)
In France, the Council of State (french: Conseil d'État, links=no, ) is a governmental body that acts both as legal adviser to the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice. Established in 1799 by Napoleon as a successor to the King's Council (''Conseil du Roi''), it is located in the Palais-Royal in Paris and is primarily made up of top-level legal officers. The Vice President of the Council of State ranks as the ninth most important civil servant in France. Members of the Council of State are part of a Grand Corps of the French State (''Grand corps de l'État''). The Council of State mainly recruits from among the top-ranking students graduating from the École nationale d'administration. Composition A General Session of the Council of State is presided over by the Prime Minister or, in their absence, the Minister of Justice. However, since the real presidency of the Council is held by the Vice-President, the Vice President of the Council of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been described as a ''sui generis'' political entity (without precedent or comparison) combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation. Containing 5.8per cent of the world population in 2020, the EU generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around trillion in 2021, constituting approximately 18per cent of global nominal GDP. Additionally, all EU states but Bulgaria have a very high Human Development Index according to the United Nations Development Programme. Its cornerstone, the Customs Union, paved the way to establishing an internal single market based on standardised legal framework and legislation that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states have agree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement (french: Accord de Paris), often referred to as the Paris Accords or the Paris Climate Accords, is an international treaty on climate change. Adopted in 2015, the agreement covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris, France. As of September 2022, 194 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the four UNFCCC member states which have not ratified the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran. The United States withdrew from the Agreement in 2020, but rejoined in 2021. The Paris Agreement was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 ( Earth Day) at a ceremony in New York. After the European Union ratified the agreement, sufficient countries had ratified the Agreement responsible for enough of the world's greenhouse gases for the Agreement to enter into force o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nationally Determined Contribution
A nationally determined contribution (NDC) or intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) is a non-binding national plan highlighting climate change mitigation, including climate-related targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions. These plans also include policies and measures governments aim to implement in response to climate change and as a contribution to achieve the global targets set out in the Paris Agreement. NDCs are the first greenhouse gas targets under the UNFCCC that apply equally to both developed and developing countries. Process The establishment of NDCs combine the top-down system of a traditional international agreement with bottom-up system-in elements through which countries put forward their own goals and policies in the context of their own national circumstances, capabilities, and priorities, with the goal of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions enough limit anthropogenic temperature rise to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
High Council On Climate
The High Council on Climate (French: ) is an independent executive council in the Government of France announced by Emmanuel Macron in 2018 and created on 14 May 2019. The council is meant to address the countries climate policy, and produce reports on the progress of France towards its climate commitments. The organization was formed separately from the National Council for Ecological Transition which was formed to create a social dialogue body responding to groups, like the Yellow vests movement. The current chair of the council is Corinne Le Quéré and the council includes 13 scientists and experts in climate change. The council is inspired by the Committee on Climate Change in the UK. Members * Corinne Le Quéré * Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, * Katheline Schubert * Céline Guivarch * Jean-François Soussana * Laurence Tubiana * Alain Grandjean * Michel Colombier * Marion Guillou * Jean-Marc Jancovici * Benoît Leguet * Sophie Dubuisson-Quellier * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2021 In Case Law
1 (one, unit, unity) is a number representing a single or the only entity. 1 is also a numerical digit and represents a single unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of ''unit length'' is a line segment of length 1. In conventions of sign where zero is considered neither positive nor negative, 1 is the first and smallest positive integer. It is also sometimes considered the first of the infinite sequence of natural numbers, followed by 2, although by other definitions 1 is the second natural number, following 0. The fundamental mathematical property of 1 is to be a multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 equals the same number. Most if not all properties of 1 can be deduced from this. In advanced mathematics, a multiplicative identity is often denoted 1, even if it is not a number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number; this was not universally accepted until the mid-20th century. Additionally, 1 is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Environment Of France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin. Its eighteen integral regions (five of which are overseas) span a combined area of and contain close ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climate Change Litigation
Climate change litigation, also known as climate litigation, is an emerging body of environmental law using legal practice to set case law precedent to further climate change mitigation efforts from public institutions, such as governments and companies. In the face of slow politics of climate change delaying climate change mitigation, activists and lawyers have increased efforts to use national and international judiciary systems to advance the effort. Climate litigation typically engages in one of five types of legal claims: Constitutional law (focused on breaches of constitutional rights by the state), administrative law (challenging the merits of administrative decision making), private law (challenging corporations or other organizations for negligence, nuisance, etc., fraud or consumer protection (challenging companies for misrepresenting information about climate impacts), human rights (claiming that failure to act on climate change fails to protect human rights). Since ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2021 In France
Events in the year 2021 in France. Incumbents * President – Emmanuel Macron (REM) * Prime Minister – Jean Castex (REM) Events Ongoing — COVID-19 pandemic in France January to March * 4 March – The government bans Génération Identitaire (Generation Identity), an Identitarian nationalist anti- immigration movement. * 5 March – Member of Parliament Sophie Auconie resigns from the National Assembly. * 7 March – Member of Parliament Olivier Dassault is killed in a plane crash. April to June * 21 April – The Valeurs Actuelles published an open letter, with 20 retired generals and 1,000 military personnel warning the country was heading for " civil war" due to Islamist religious extremism. * 23 April - Rambouillet knife attack July to September * 17 July – Over 100,000 people protest across France against Emmanuel Macron's plan to require COVID-19 vaccinations for health workers, along with other restrictions on unvaccinated citizens. * 23 July – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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