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Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, ''Cameraria ohridella''. Taxonomy and systematics There are 98 described genera of Gracillariidae (see below). A complete checklist is available of all currently recognised species. There are many undescribed species in the tropics but there is also an online catalogue of Afrotropical described species; the South African fauna is quite well known. Although Japanese and Russian authors have recognised additional subfamilies, there are three currently recognised subfamilies, Phyllocnistinae of which is likely to be basal. In this subfamily, the primitive genus ''Prophyllocnistis'' from Chile feeds on the plant genus '' Drimys'' (Winteraceae), and has leaf mines structurally similar in structure to fossils (see "Fossils"). While there have been some r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gracillariinae
Gracillariinae are a subfamily of moths which was described by Henry Tibbats Stainton in 1854. Genera Gracillariidae phylogeny has been revised in 2017(Kawahara et al. 2017) and the Acrocercopinae subfamily is contains 25 genera (59 genera were affected to other subfamilies): *'' Africephala'' Vári, 1986 *'' Apistoneura'' Vári, 1961 *'' Aristaea'' Meyrick, 1907 *'' Artifodina'' Kumata, 1985 *'' Aspilapteryx'' Spuler, 1910 **=''Sabulopteryx'' Triberti, 1985 *'' Caloptilia'' Hübner, 1825 **=''Poeciloptilia'' Hübner, 1825 **=''Ornix'' Collar, 1832 **=''Ornix'' Treitschke, 1833 **=''Coriscium'' Zeler, 1839 **=''Calliptilia'' Agassiz, 1847 **=''Timodora'' Meyrick, 1886 **=''Antiolopha'' Meyrick, 1894 **=''Sphyrophora'' Vári, 1961 **=''Phylloptilia'' Kumata, 1982 **=''Rhadinoptilia'' Kumata, 1982 **=''Minyoptilia'' Kumata, 1982 **=''Cecidoptilia'' Kumata, 1982 *'' Calybites'' Hübner, 1822 *'' Cryptologa'' T. B. Fletcher, 1921 *'' Cupedia'' Klimesch & Kumata, 1973 *'' Dextellia'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horse-chestnut Leaf Miner
The horse-chestnut leaf miner (''Cameraria ohridella'') is a leaf miner, leaf-mining moth of the family (biology), family Gracillariidae. The horse-chestnut leaf miner was first observed in North Macedonia in 1984, and was described as a new species in 1986. A synthetic pheromone can be used to trap males, Svatoš, Chemical Ecology but effective control may be hard to thus achieve.Svatoš A., Kalinova B., Hoskovec M., Kindl J., Hovorka O., & Hrdy I. 1999. Identification of a new lepidopteran sex pheromone in picogram quantities using an antennal biodetector: (8E,10Z)-tetradeca-8,10-dienal from ''Cameraria ohridella''. ''Tetrahedron Letters'', 40: 7011-7014 In any case, infestation levels could diminish over time as ''Cameraria ohridella'' starts to recruit generalist members of the local parasitoid wasp community.Girardoz, S., Kenis M., & Quicke D. L. J. 2006. Recruitment of native parasitoids by an exotic leaf miner, ''Cameraria ohridella'': host - parasitoid synchronization and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phyllocnistis Magnoliella Caterpillar
''Phyllocnistis'' is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae. Description Adult Adults of the genus ''Phyllocnistis'' are very small moths with wingspans generally not exceeding 5 mm. Both fore- and hindwings are lanceolate and predominantly white. The forewings are marked with yellow to orange, longitudinal and oblique striae, often bordered by gray or black. A few species are known to possess much darker or strikingly color patterns. The compound eyes of ''Phyllocnistis'' are reduced, with an interocular index (vertical eye diameter/minimum interocular distance) of approximately 0.9. The maxillary palpi are the most reduced among Gracillariidae, being barely evident as vestigial, non-segmented lobes at the base of the elongate proboscis. The wing venation is also reduced. Larvae The larvae of ''Phyllocnistis'' are among the most specialized Lepidoptera. Four instars appear to be the norm, with the first three instars possessing a sapfeeding morphology and behavior. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithocolletinae
Lithocolletinae is a subfamily of insects in the moth family Gracillariidae. It is distributed worldwide, with most species in temperate climate, temperate regions.Davis, D. R. and J. De Prins. (2011)Systematics and biology of the new genus ''Macrosaccus'' with descriptions of two new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae).''ZooKeys'' (98), 29-82. Diversity and distribution As of 2012, the subfamily contains over 540 species divided into ten genus, genera.De Prins, J. and A. Y. Kawahara. (2012)Systematics, revisionary taxonomy, and biodiversity of Afrotropical Lithocolletinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae).''Zootaxa'' 3594: 1–283. About half are native to the Palearctic realm, and over 100 occur in the Nearctic realm. About 66 species occur in the Afrotropical realm, 41 of which were described in the year 2012. Description Moths of the subfamily are small, with wingspans under 10 millimeters. They are often colorful, with forewings in shades of orange or red-brown with white or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypermetamorphosis
Hypermetamorphosis, or heteromorphosis, is a term used mainly in entomology; it refers to a class of variants of holometabolism, that is to say, complete insect metamorphosis. Hypermetamorphosis is exceptional in that some instars, usually larval instars, are functionally and visibly distinct from the rest. The differences between such instars usually reflect transient stages in the life cycle; for instance, one instar might be mobile while it searches for its food supply, while the following instar immediately sheds its locomotory organs and settles down to feed until it is fully grown and ready to change into the reproductive stage, which in turn, does not have the same nutritional requirements as the larvae. Description Hypermetamorphosis, as the term normally is used in entomology, refers to a class of variants of holometabolism. In hypermetamorphosis some larval instars are functionally and morphologically distinct from each other. The general case in holometabolous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Privet Leaf Miner
''Gracillaria syringella'' (lilac leafminer or privet leafminer) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in Europe. It has been introduced in North America. The wingspan is 10–13 mm. The forewings are light yellowbrownish, towards base with whitish and dark fuscous strigulae; an oblique interrupted fascia about 1/4, a somewhat angulated median fascia (sometimes followed by a small costal spot), a tornal spot, a spot on costa beyond, and costal and terminal dots near apex white, black-margined; a blackish discal suffusion beyond middle. Hindwings are rather dark grey.The larva is whitish, sometimes greenish-tinged; dorsal line darker green; head brownish-tinged. Heath, J. & Emmet, A. M. (Hrsg.) (1985): ''The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland''. Volume 2: Cossidae – Heliodinidae. Harley Books, Colchester, Essex. The moth flies in May and again in July depending on the location. The caterpillars feed on ash (''Fraxinus''), privet (''Ligustru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phyllocnistinae
Phyllocnistinae is a subfamily of insects in the moth family Gracillariidae. at funet.fi. Genera Genera: *''Phyllocnistis
''Phyllocnistis'' is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae.
Description Adult
Adults of the genus ''Phyllocnistis'' are very small moths with wingspans generally not exceeding 5 mm. Both fore- and hindwings are lanceolate and predom ... '' Zeller, 1848
References {{Taxonbar, from=Q1124571[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leaf Mine
A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies (Symphyta, a paraphyletic group which Apocrita (wasps, bees and ants) evolved from), and flies (Diptera). Some beetles also exhibit this behavior. Like woodboring beetles, leaf miners are protected from many predators and plant defenses by feeding within the tissues of the leaves, selectively eating only the layers that have the least amount of cellulose. When consuming ''Quercus robur'' (English oak), they also selectively feed on tissues containing lower levels of tannin, a deterrent chemical produced in great abundance by the tree. The pattern of the feeding tunnel and the layer of the leaf being mined is often diagnostic of the insect responsible, sometimes even to species level. The mine often contains frass, or droppings, and the pattern of frass deposition, mine sha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organisms, making it the second largest insect order (behind Coleoptera) with 126 family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic rank, superfamilies, and one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of scale (anatomy), scales that cover the torso, bodies, large triangular Insect wing, wings, and a proboscis for siphoning nectars. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give butterflies and moths their wide variety of colors and patterns. Almost all species have some form of membranous wings, except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless. Mating and the laying of eggs is normally performe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leaf Miner
A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies (Symphyta, a paraphyletic group which Apocrita (wasps, bees and ants) evolved from), and flies (Diptera). Some beetles also exhibit this behavior. Like woodboring beetles, leaf miners are protected from many predators and plant defenses by feeding within the tissues of the leaves, selectively eating only the layers that have the least amount of cellulose. When consuming ''Quercus robur'' (English oak), they also selectively feed on tissues containing lower levels of tannin, a deterrent chemical produced in great abundance by the tree. The pattern of the feeding tunnel and the layer of the leaf being mined is often diagnostic of the insect responsible, sometimes even to species level. The mine often contains frass, or droppings, and the pattern of frass deposition, mine sha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palaearctic
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Mediterranean Basin; North Africa; North Arabia; Western, Central and East Asia. The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes, forming several freshwater ecoregions. Both the eastern and westernmost extremes of the Paleartic span into the Western Hemisphere, including Cape Dezhnyov in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the east and Iceland to the west. The term was first used in the 19th century, and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification. History In an 1858 paper for the ''Proceedings of the Linnean Society'', British zoologist Philip Sclater first identified six terrestrial zoogeographic realms of the world: Palaearctic, Aethiopian/ Afrotropic, Indian/ Ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical data and observed heritable traits of DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, and morphology. The results are a phylogenetic tree—a diagram depicting the hypothetical relationships among the organisms, reflecting their inferred evolutionary history. The tips of a phylogenetic tree represent the observed entities, which can be living taxa or fossils. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the taxa represented on the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about directionality of character state transformation, and does not show the origin or "root" of the taxa in question. In addition to their use for inferring phylogenetic pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
