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Goralenvolk
''Goralenvolk'' was a geopolitical term invented by the German Nazis in World War II in reference to the Goral highlander population of Podhale region in the south of Poland near the Slovak border. The Germans postulated a separate nationality for people of that region in an effort to extract them from the Polish citizenry during their occupation of Poland's highlands. The term ''Goralenvolk'' was a neologism derived from the Polish word '' Górale'' (the Highlanders) commonly referring to the ethnic group living in the Beskid and Tatra mountains. In an attempt to make the Gorals collaborate with the SS, the Nazis proclaimed that they were of Germanic descent, and were thus worthy of Germanisation and separate treatment from other Poles. Origin Nazi ideology claimed that Gorals (Górale) were descended from ethnic Germans who allegedly settled in that region during medieval times in significant numbers. They were considered by the Nazi ideologues to be of Germani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goralenvolk 1
''Goralenvolk'' was a geopolitical term invented by the Germans, German Nazi Germany, Nazis in World War II in reference to the Gorals, Goral highlander population of Podhale region in the south of Poland near the Slovakia, Slovak border. The Germans postulated a separate nationality for people of that region in an effort to extract them from the Polish citizenry during their General Government, occupation of Poland's highlands. The term ''Goralenvolk'' was a neologism derived from the Polish word ''Gorals, Górale'' (the Highlanders) commonly referring to the ethnic group living in the Beskids, Beskid and Tatra Mountains, Tatra mountains. In an attempt to make the Gorals collaborate with the SS, the Nazis proclaimed that they were of Germanic descent, and were thus worthy of Germanisation and separate treatment from other Polish people, Poles. Origin Nazi ideology claimed that Gorals (Górale) were descended from ethnic Germans who allegedly settled in that region duri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henryk Szatkowski
Henryk Szatkowski (born 27 November 1900) was one of the leaders of the Nazi German Goralenvolk action in the Podhale region of occupied Poland during World War II. A self-proclaimed Volksdeutscher ("ethnic German"), he was a sports and tourism activist in Zakopane from before the invasion. Szatkowski collaborated with the Nazis, worked as an informer, and promoted the failed ''Goralische Freiwilligen SS Legion''. According to at least one modern day account he was blackmailed. However, Polish historian Jan Berghauzen suspects him of being a well established spy in Zakopane working for German intelligence service. Szatkowski was born in Kraków , officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ... on 27 November 1900. Szatkowski fled from Podhale with the retreating Nazis at the end ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Witalis Wieder
Witalis Karol Teodor Wieder (29 March 1895 – 22 February 1967) was a German-Polish collaborator, a Nazi sympathizer, a recruited Agent of the Abwehr, and a self-proclaimed leader of the Goralenvolk during World War II. He was a former officer in the Polish army. Wieder acted as a Reichsdeutscher, and was known collaborator. At the end of the war, he escaped to Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu .... Notes 1895 births 1967 deaths Polish Gorals Sources * Alfons Filar, U podnóża Tatr 1939–1945. Podhale i Sądecczyzna w walce z okupantem, Warszawa 1985. * Ryszard Kaczmarek, Polacy w Wehrmachcie, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2010. * Rudolf Klimek, Ludobójcza akcja Goralenvolk, Zakopane 2006. * Bartłomiej Kuraś, Paweł Smoleński, Krzyżyk Niespo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wacław Krzeptowski
Wacław Krzeptowski (24 June 1897 – 20 January 1945) was one of the leaders of the Goralenvolk action in Podhale during World War II. Before the German occupation he was chairman of the People's Party (SL) in Nowy Targ. In the early years of the war – as self-proclaimed ''Goralenführer'' – Krzeptowski lobbied Hans Frank in favor of his plan to establish an independent state for his ethnic group in southern Poland. This project proved to be a failure due to lack of support among the local population. During the German-Soviet war, Krzeptowski tried to recruit volunteers for his "Goralen legion" (also referred to as Goralische Division SS) to fight alongside the Axis Powers. The attempt ended in a complete fiasco as out of the initial 300 able bodied recruits (from the entire Podhale region) all but twelve deserted within a short time or were sent to concentration camps by the Germans for insubordination. At the end of the war, he refused to flee to Germany and instead hid o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gorals
The Gorals (; Goral ethnolect: ''Górole''; ; Cieszyn Silesian dialect, Cieszyn Silesian: ''Gorole''), also anglicized as the Highlanders, are an ethnographic group with historical ties to the Vlachs. The Goral people are primarily found in their traditional area of southern Poland, northern Slovakia – especially Orava (region), Orava, Spiš and Zamagurie, and in the region of Cieszyn Silesia in the Czech Republic, where they are known as the Silesian Gorals. There is also a significant Goral diaspora in the area of Bukovina in western Ukraine and northern Romania, as well as in Chicago which is the seat of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America. History The Gorals as a separate ethnographic subgroup began to form in the 14th century with the arrival of the first Polish People, Polish settlers from Lesser Poland, who would settle and farm the lands around what is today Nowy Targ and along the Dunajec valley beginning in the early twelve hundreds. Prior to that, Podhal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Józef Cukier
Józef Cukier (14 November 1889, Zakopane – 22 April 1960, Zakopane) was one of the leaders of the Goralenvolk during World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo .... Having been a president of the Highlander Union before the German invasion, he tried along with Wacław Krzeptowski to establish an independent state for his ethnic group by collaborating with the occupiers. The attempt failed due to lack of support among the local population. After the war, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for collaboration. References 1889 births 1960 deaths Polish collaborators with Nazi Germany Polish Gorals {{Poland-activist-stub People convicted of treason against Poland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Government
The General Government (, ; ; ), formally the General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region (), was a German zone of occupation established after the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Slovakia and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II. The newly occupied Second Polish Republic was split into three zones: the General Government in its centre, Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany in the west, and territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union in the east. The territory was expanded substantially in 1941, after the German Operation Barbarossa, Invasion of the Soviet Union, to include the new District of Galicia. The area of the ''Generalgouvernement'' roughly corresponded with the Austrian part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. The basis for the formation of the General Government was the "Annexation Decree on the Administration o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germanisation
Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, people, and culture. It was a central idea of German conservative thought in the 19th and the 20th centuries, when conservatism and ethnic nationalism went hand in hand. In linguistics, Germanisation of non-German languages also occurs when they adopt many German words. Under the policies of states such as the Teutonic Order, Austria, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the German Empire, non-German minorities were often discouraged or even prohibited from using their native language, and had their traditions and culture suppressed in the name of linguistic imperialism. In addition, the Government also encouraged immigration from the Germanosphere to further upset the linguistic balance, but with varying degrees of success. In Nazi Germany, linguistic Germanisation was replaced by a policy of genocide against certain ethnic groups like Poles, Baltic natives, and Czechoslovaks, even when they were already German-spea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrzej Krzeptowski (born 1903)
Andrzej Krzeptowski (29 July 1903 – 26 February 1945) was a Polish skier. He competed for Poland at the 1924 Winter Olympics, finishing 19th in the Nordic combined event, 21st in the ski jumping event, and 28th in the 18 km cross-country skiing event. Krzeptowski also competed for Poland at the 1924 Winter Olympics, finishing 27th in the ski jumping event. He has a cousin with the same name, Andrzej Krzeptowski (1902–1981), who competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in cross-country skiing events. Krzeptowski collaborated with German occupiers during World War II as a member of the ''Goralenvolk'', running a hardware store in Zakopane Zakopane (Gorals#Language, Podhale Goral: ''Zokopane'') is a town in the south of Poland, in the southern part of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. From 1975 to 1998, it was part of Nowy Sącz Voivodeship; since 1999, it has .... He died in Soviet custody after liberation, supposedly having taken poison. Referenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volksdeutsche
In Nazi Germany, Nazi German terminology, () were "people whose language and culture had Germans, German origins but who did not hold German citizenship." The term is the nominalised plural of ''wikt:volksdeutsch, volksdeutsch'', with denoting a singular female, and , a singular male. The words ''Volk (German word), Volk'' and ''Völkisch movement, völkisch'' conveyed the meanings of "folk". Ethnic Germans living outside Germany shed their identity as ''Auslandsdeutsche'' (Germans abroad), and morphed into the in a process of self-radicalisation. This process gave the Nazi regime the nucleus around which the new Volksgemeinschaft was established across the German borders. were further divided into "racial" groupsminorities within a state minoritybased on special cultural, social, and historic criteria elaborated by the Nazis. Origin of the term ''Volksdeutsche'' According to the historian Doris Bergen, Adolf Hitler Neologism, coined the definition of which appeared in a 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tatra Confederation
The Tatra Confederation (), or Confederation of the Tatra Mountains, was a Polish resistance organization operating in the southernmost Podhale region during the Nazi German occupation of Poland. The Tatra Confederation was founded in May 1941 in Nowy Targ – the historical capital of Podhale, by the poet and partisan, Augustyn Suski (''nom-de-guerre'' Stefan Borusa); with Tadeusz Popek as his deputy. The organization had its ideological roots in the peasant movement of the Goral Lands of interwar Poland. Wartime activities During the German occupation, the clandestine group had about 400–500 members. The main geographical area of its activity was the city of Nowy Targ itself and the village of Waksmund in the same county. At the end of summer 1941 the first combat unit of the Tatra Confederation was established, named Mountain Division (''Dywizja Górska'') led by Major Edward Gött-Getyński (''nom-de-guerre'' Sosnowiecki). The unit never became a division contrary t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neologism
In linguistics, a neologism (; also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language. Most definitively, a word can be considered a neologism once it is published in a dictionary. Neologisms are one facet of lexical innovation, i.e., the linguistic process of new terms and meanings entering a language's lexicon. The most precise studies into language change and word formation, in fact, identify the process of a "neological continuum": a '' nonce word'' is any single-use term that may or may not grow in popularity; a '' protologism'' is such a term used exclusively within a small group; a ''prelogism'' is such a term that is gaining usage but is still not mainstream; and a ''neologism'' has become accepted or recognized by social institutions. Neologisms are often driven by changes in culture and technology. Popular examples of neologisms can be found in science, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
