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Gomberg–Bachmann Reaction
The Gomberg–Bachmann reaction, named for the Russian-American chemist Moses Gomberg and the American chemist Werner Emmanuel Bachmann, is an aryl-aryl coupling reaction via a diazonium salt. : The arene compound (here benzene) is reacted with a diazonium salt in the presence of a base to provide the biaryl through an intermediate aryl radical. For example, ''p''-bromo biphenyl may be prepared from 4-bromoaniline and benzene Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen ato ...: : BrC6H4NH2 + C6H6 → BrC6H4−C6H5 The reaction offers a wide scope for both diazonium component and arene component but yields are generally low following the original procedure (less than 40%), given the many side-reactions of diazonium salts. Several improvements have been suggested. One possib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moses Gomberg
Moses Gomberg (February 8, 1866 – February 12, 1947) was a chemistry professor at the University of Michigan. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and served as president of the American Chemical Society. Early life and education He was born in Yelisavetgrad, Russian Empire to a Jewish merchant family. His father was Hershko (Hirsh) Gomberg and his mother was Maryam-Ethel Reznikova. In 1884, the family emigrated to Chicago to escape the pogroms following the assassination of Czar Alexander II. In Chicago he worked at the Stock Yards while attending Lake High School. In 1886, Moses entered the University of Michigan, where he obtained his B.Sc. in 1890 and his doctorate in 1894 under the supervision of A. B. Prescott. His thesis, titled "''Trimethylxanthine and Some of its Derivatives''", dealt with the derivatization of caffeine. Career Appointed an instructor in 1893, Gomberg worked at the University of Michigan for the duration of his professional academic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intramolecular Reaction
Intramolecular in chemistry describes a process or characteristic limited within the structure of a single molecule, a property or phenomenon limited to the extent of a single molecule. Examples * intramolecular hydride transfer (transfer of a hydride ion from one part to another within the same molecule) * intramolecular hydrogen bond (a hydrogen bond formed between two functional groups of the same molecule) *cyclization of ω-haloalkylamines and alcohols to form the corresponding saturated nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles, respectively (an SN2 reaction within the same molecule) In intramolecular organic reactions, two reaction sites are contained within a single molecule. This creates a very high effective concentration (resulting in high reaction rates), and, therefore, many intramolecular reactions that would not occur as an intermolecular reaction between two compounds take place. Examples of intramolecular reactions are the Smiles rearrangement, the Dieckmann condensat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sandmeyer Reaction
The Sandmeyer reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts using copper salts as reagents or catalysts. It is an example of a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The Sandmeyer reaction provides a method through which one can perform unique transformations on benzene, such as halogenation, cyanation, trifluoromethylation, and hydroxylation. : The reaction was discovered in 1884 by Swiss chemist Traugott Sandmeyer, when he attempted to synthesize phenylacetylene from benzenediazonium chloride and copper(I) acetylide. Instead, the main product he isolated was chlorobenzene. In modern times, the Sandmeyer reaction refers to any method for substitution of an aromatic amino group via preparation of its diazonium salt followed by its displacement with a nucleophile in the presence of catalytic copper(I) salts. (Due to the low cost of copper salts, a stoichiometric amount is often employed for better reactivity even when catalysi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meerwein Arylation
The Meerwein arylation is an organic reaction involving the addition of an aryl diazonium salt (ArN2X) to an electron-poor alkene usually supported by a metal salt. The reaction product is an alkylated arene compound. The reaction is named after Hans Meerwein, one of its inventors who first published it in 1939. An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) on the alkene makes it electron deficient and although the reaction mechanism is unclear, involvement of an aryl radical is presumed after loss of nitrogen in the diazonium salt followed by a free radical addition. In the primary reaction product the intermediate alkyl radical is then captured by the diazonium counterion X which is usually a halogen or a tetrafluoroborate. In a subsequent step an elimination reaction liberates HX (for instance hydrochloric acid) and an aryl vinyl compound is formed. The reaction mechanism from the arene's view ranks as a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution. In a general scope a Meerwein ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graebe–Ullmann Synthesis
Carbazole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a tricyclic structure, consisting of two six-membered benzene rings fused on either side of a five-membered nitrogen-containing ring. The compound's structure is based on the indole structure, but in which a second benzene ring is fused onto the five-membered ring at the 2–3 position of indole (equivalent to the 9a–4a double bond in carbazole, respectively). Carbazole is a constituent of tobacco smoke. Synthesis A classic laboratory organic synthesis for carbazole is the Borsche–Drechsel cyclization. In the first step, phenylhydrazine is condensed with cyclohexanone to the corresponding imine. The second step is a hydrochloric acid-catalyzed rearrangement reaction and ring-closing reaction to tetrahydrocarbazole. In one modification, both steps are rolled into one by carrying out the reaction in acetic acid. In the third step, this compound is oxidized by red lead to carbazole itself. Another classic is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluorenone
Fluorenone is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C13H8O. It is bright fluorescent yellow in color and is a solid at room temperature. It can be synthesised from fluorene with the addition of glacial acetic acid and sodium hypochlorite solution, undergoing an oxidation reaction. Several substituted fluorenones are biologically active as antibiotic, anticancer, antiviral, or neuromodulatory compounds. Some substituted azafluorenones are biologically active, such as the naturally occurring antimicrobial compound onychine (1-methyl-4-azafluorenone). The compound 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one is used for fingerprint detection. Medicine uses Fluorenone has uses in medicinal chemistry, for example in the synthesis of Paranyline, IPS-339 0979-28-4 Fanthridone, & SKF 550 8776-87-3among others. A pair of patents was disclosed for an analog of amitriptyline Amitriptyline, sold under the brand name Elavil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant primarily used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Current Organic Synthesis
Currents, Current or The Current may refer to: Science and technology * Current (fluid), the flow of a liquid or a gas ** Air current, a flow of air ** Ocean current, a current in the ocean *** Rip current, a kind of water current ** Current (stream), currents in rivers and streams ** Convection current, flow caused by unstable density variation due to temperature differences * Current (mathematics), geometrical current in differential topology * Conserved current, a field associated to a symmetry in field theory * Electric current, a flow of electric charge through a medium * Probability current, in quantum mechanics * IBM Current, an early personal information management program Arts and entertainment Music * ''Current'' (album), a 1982 album by Heatwave * ''Currents'' (Eisley album) * ''Currents'' (Tame Impala album) * "The Current" (song), by the Blue Man Group * "Currents", a song by Dashboard Confessional from ''Dusk and Summer'', 2006 * "Currents", a song by Drake from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chem
Chem may refer to: * Chemistry practical waali mam * Chemistry *Chemical * ''Chem'' (journal), a scientific journal published by Cell Press *Post apocalyptic slang for "drugs", medicinal or otherwise in the Fallout video game series. In Ancient Egyptian usage: * ''Khem'' (also spelt ''Chem''), the Egyptian word for "black" *Min (god), in the past erroneously named ''Khem'' CHEM may refer to : *A metabolic panel: for instance, CHEM-7, which is the basic metabolic panel * CHEM-DT, a Canadian television channel See also *Chemo (other) Chemo is a prefix meaning ''chemical'' and commonly used as an abbreviation for chemotherapy. Chemo may also refer to: People * Chemo (musician), an English musician now known as Forest DLG * Chemo Soto, a Puerto Rican politician * José del Sol ... * Kemi, a place in Finland {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pschorr Cyclization
The Pschorr cyclization is a name reaction in organic chemistry, which was named after its discoverer, the German chemist Robert Pschorr (1868-1930). It describes the intramolecular substitution of aromatic compounds via aryldiazonium salts as intermediates and is catalyzed by copper. The reaction is a variant of the Gomberg-Bachmann reaction. The following reaction scheme shows the Pschorr cyclization for the example of phenanthrene: Reaction mechanism In the course of the Pschorr cyclization, a diazotization of the starting compound occurs, so that an aryldiazonium salt is formed as intermediate. For this, sodium nitrite is added to hydrochloric acid to obtain nitrous acid. The nitrous acid is protonated and reacts with another equivalent of nitrous acid to the intermediate 1 which is later used for the diazotization of the aromatic amine: The intermediate 1 reacts in the following way with the starting compound: Intermediate 1 replaces a hydrogen atom from the amino ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-bromoaniline
4-Bromoaniline is a compound where an aniline molecule is substituted with a bromine Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is the third-lightest element in group 17 of the periodic table (halogens) and is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a simil ... atom on the ''para'' position. Commercially available, this compound may be used as a building block, e.g. in the preparation of p-bromo biphenyl via the Gomberg-Bachmann reaction. Synthesis 4-bromoaniline can be made by reacting aniline with bromine with a protection with acetyl chloride. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Bromoaniline, 4- Anilines Bromoarenes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Werner Emmanuel Bachmann
Werner Emmanuel Bachmann (November 13, 1901 – March 22, 1951) was an American chemist. Bachmann was born in Detroit, Michigan where he studied chemistry and chemical engineering at Wayne State University and later at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor nearby. He completed his doctorate under Moses Gomberg and spent the rest of his academic career at the University of Michigan. Bachmann studied physical organic chemistry (rearrangements, free radicals) and organic synthesis. He is considered a pioneer in steroid synthesis, and carried out the first total synthesis of a steroidal hormone, equilenin with Alfred L. Wilds. His name is associated with the Gomberg-Bachmann reaction for the synthesis of diaryl compounds from aryl diazonium chlorides. Bachmann developed a new method for the production of the explosive RDX, which was used by the United States during World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a worl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
