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Gnaphosoidea
The Gnaphosoidea or gnaphosoids are a superfamily of araneomorph spiders with seven families. A 2014 study did not find the group to be monophyletic. Phylogeny Gnaphosoidea has been circumscribed to contain the following families: * Ammoxenidae * Cithaeronidae * Gallieniellidae * Gnaphosidae * Lamponidae * Trochanteriidae Gnaphosoidea has been placed in the Dionycha clade, itself part of the RTA clade: The Prodidomidae, Lamponidae and Gnaphosidae have been considered "higher gnaphosoids", sharing anterior lateral spinnerets consisting of only a single "joint" (article); the "lower gnaphosoids" (Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae and Trochanteriidae) retain a distal article that is represented by an entire ring of hardened (sclerotized) cuticle. (Earlier the Lamponidae were grouped with the "lower gnaphosoids", having spinnerets of an intermediate kind.) One hypothesis for the internal phylogeny of the gnaphosoids, defined in this way, is: A 2014 study of dionychan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cithaeronidae
Cithaeronidae is a small family of araneomorph spiders first described by Simon in 1893 Female ''Cithaeron'' are about long, males about . They are pale yellowish, fast-moving spiders that actively hunt at night and rest during the day, building silken retreats below rocks. They prefer very hot, dry stony places. Distribution While ''Inthaeron'' occurs only in India, members of the genus ''Cithaeron'' are found in Africa, India and parts of Eurasia. Three adult females of ''C. praedonius'' were found in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. As they were found in and near human housings, they presumably were accidentally introduced. This is probably also the case for finds in the Northern Territory of Australia. Another population of ''C. praedonius'' has been discovered in Florida U.S.A., with reports of a stable breeding population.(Pers. comm. Joseph Stiles) Genera and Species This section lists all described species accepted by the World Spider Catalog : ''Cithaeron'' O. Pickard-Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trochanteriidae
Trochanteriidae is a family of spiders first described by Ferdinand Karsch in 1879 containing about 52 species in6 genera. Most are endemic to Australia though '' Doliomalus'' and '' Trochanteria'' are from South America and ''Plator'' is from Asia. '' Platyoides'' species exist in southern and eastern Africa, Madagascar, and the Canary Islands with one species, '' P. walteri'', introduced to Australia. Genera , the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera: *'' Doliomalus'' Simon, 1897 – Chile *'' Hemicloea'' Thorell, 1870 – Australia, New Zealand *''Plator Plator (? –169 BC) the Illyrian was brother to King Gentius, the last Illyrian king of the Ardiaean State. Plator may have been killed because he wanted to marry Etuta in 169 BC. She was the daughter of Monunius and was married to Gentius ...'' Simon, 1880 – Asia *'' Platyoides'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1891 – Africa *'' Trochanteria'' Karsch, 1878 – Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil *'' Vectius'' Simon, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallieniellidae
Gallieniellidae is a family of spiders first described by J. Millot in 1947. It was originally thought to be endemic to Madagascar until species were also found in southern Kenya, northeastern Argentina, and Australia. ''Drassodella'' was transferred from the family Gnaphosidae in 1990. They are suspected to be specialized in ant-preying. Genera , the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera: *''Austrachelas'' Lawrence, 1938 — South Africa *''Drassodella'' Hewitt, 1916 — South Africa *''Galianoella'' Goloboff, 2000 — Argentina *'' Gallieniella'' Millot, 1947 — Madagascar, Comoros *''Legendrena'' Platnick, 1984 — Madagascar *'' Meedo'' Main, 1987 — Australia *'' Neato'' Platnick, 2002 — Australia *''Oreo'' Platnick, 2002 — Australia *'' Peeto'' Platnick, 2002 — Australia *'' Questo'' Platnick, 2002 — Australia See also * List of Gallieniellidae species This page lists all described species of the spider family Gallieniellidae accepted by the Worl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamponidae
Lamponidae is a family of spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1893. It contains about 200 described species in 23 genera, most of which are endemic to Australia, with the genus ''Centrocalia'' endemic to New Caledonia, and two ''Lampona'' species (''L. cylindrata'', ''L. murina'') also occurring in New Zealand where it is commonly known as the "White Tail" spider. ''Lampona papua'' is endemic to New Guinea, where two otherwise Australian species (''Centrothele mutica'', ''Lamponova wau'') also occur. Genera The categorization into subfamilies follows Joel Hallan'Biology Catalog * Centrothelinae Platnick, 2000 :* ''Asadipus'' Simon, 1897 (Australia) :* ''Bigenditia'' Platnick, 2000 (Australia) :* ''Centrocalia'' Platnick, 2000 (New Caledonia) :* ''Centroina'' Platnick, 2002 (Australia) :* ''Centrothele'' L. Koch, 1873 (Australia) :* '' Centsymplia'' Platnick, 2000 (Australia) :* '' Graycassis'' Platnick, 2000 (Australia) :* '' Longepi'' Platnick, 2000 (Australia) :* ''No ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trachelidae
Trachelidae is a family of araneomorph spiders (more recently evolved spiders with inward-pointing chelicerae) first described by Eugène Simon in 1897 as a subfamily called "Tracheleae" ("Trachelinae" in modern terminology). The Trachelidae family, also known as "ground sac spiders", is within the group of spiders known as the RTA clade, which includes mostly wandering spiders that do not use webs. Spiders in the Trachelidae family are characterized as being 3-10mm long and having a red cephalothorax and a yellow/tan abdomen. They are commonly found indoors. It was placed in the family Clubionidae, then later in Corinnidae when the Clubionidae were split up. The first study that suggested Trachelidae should be considered its own family was done by Deeleman-reinhold in 2001 as part of an analysis of RTA Clade spiders. An analysis by Martín J. Ramírez in 2014 suggested that it was not closely related to other members of the Corinnidae, and was better treated as a separate famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liocranidae
Liocranidae is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1897. They are one of several groups called "sac spiders". The holarctic genus ''Agroeca'' is the best-known, but it also includes various genera of more obscure spiders that still lack a diagnosis. Two species in the North American genus ''Neoanagraphis'' are found in the extremely dry conditions in the Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts. Females live in animal burrows while males wander and are the ones most often caught in pitfall traps. Genera , the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera: *''Agraecina'' Simon, 1932 — Europe, Africa, Kazakhstan *''Agroeca'' Westring, 1861 — Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, North America *''Andromma'' Simon, 1893 — Africa *''Apostenus'' Westring, 1851 — Africa, United States, Europe *''Arabelia'' Bosselaers, 2009 — Greece, Turkey *''Argistes'' Simon, 1897 — Sri Lanka *''Coryssiphus'' Simon, 1903 — South Africa *''Cteniogaster ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogeny
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. All life on Earth is part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. In a ''rooted'' phylogenetic tree, each node with descendants represents the inferred most recent common ancestor of those descendants, and the edge lengths in some trees may be interpreted as time estimates. Each node is called a taxonomic unit. Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical taxonomic units, as they cannot be directly observed. Trees are useful in fields of biology such as bioinformatics, systematics, and phylogenetics. ''Unrooted'' trees illustrate only the relatedness of the leaf nodes and do not require the ancestral root ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distal
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of anatomical planes and anatomical axes. The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether an organism is bipedal or quadrupedal. Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a description that a part is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standard vocabularies for subdisciplines of anato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lycosoidea
Lycosoidea is a clade or superfamily of araneomorph spiders. The traditional circumscription was based on a feature of the eyes. The tapetum is a reflective layer at the back of the eye, thought to increase sensitivity in low light levels. Lycosoids were then defined by having a "grate-shaped" tapetum. Research from the late 1990s onwards suggests that this feature has evolved more than once, possibly as many as five times, so that the original Lycosoidea is paraphyletic. Studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that a smaller group of families does form a clade. The reflective attributes of the tapeta vary significantly betwixt lycosoid spiders. Phylogeny The phylogeny of the Lycosoidea and related groups has been studied using both morphological and molecular data. Comparing these studies is complicated by the redrawing of family boundaries. Thus potential lycosoid genera placed in the family Miturgidae in 1993, such as ''Uliodon'', have since been placed in the Zoropsidae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RTA Clade
The RTA clade is a clade of araneomorph spiders, united by the possession of a retrolateral tibial apophysis – a backward-facing projection on the tibia of the male pedipalp. The clade contains over 21,000 species, almost half the current total of about 46,000 known species of spider. Most of the members of the clade are wanderers and do not build webs. Despite making up approximately half of all modern spider diversity, there are no unambiguous records of the group from the Mesozoic and molecular clock evidence suggests that the group began to diversify during the Late Cretaceous. Families In 2005, Coddington included 39 families in a cladogram showing the RTA clade: *Agelenidae *Amaurobiidae *Ammoxenidae *Amphinectidae (paraphyletic; merged into Desidae) *Anyphaenidae *Cithaeronidae *Clubionidae *Corinnidae * Cryptothelidae *Ctenidae *Desidae *Dictynidae * Gallieniellidae *Gnaphosidae *Lamponidae * Liocranidae *Lycosidae *Miturgidae (paraphyletic) * Oxyopidae *Philodromidae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gnaphosa Bicolor
''Gnaphosa bicolor'' is a ground spider species found in Europe to Ukraine and Georgia. See also * List of Gnaphosidae species This page lists all described genera and species of the spider family Gnaphosidae. , the World Spider Catalog accepts 3059 species in 158 genera: A ''Allomicythus'' '' Allomicythus'' Ono, 2009 * ''Allomicythus kamurai'' Ono, 2009 (type) — Vie ... References Gnaphosidae Spiders of Europe Spiders of Georgia (country) Spiders described in 1833 {{Gnaphosidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dionycha
The Dionycha are a clade of spiders (Araneomorphae:Entelegynae), characterized by the possession of two tarsal claws with tufts of hairs (setae) beside them, which produce strong adhesion, enabling some species to climb glass. The circumscription of the group has varied widely; a 2021 analysis resulted in about 20 families, including Salticidae (jumping spiders), Gnaphosidae (ground spiders), and Clubionidae. The Dionycha are considered to be a subgroup of the larger RTA clade. Most species hunt their prey instead of building webs. There are no cribellate members in the Dionycha.Griswold ''et al.'' 1999 Today it is thought that the reduction of the third claw present in ancestral spiders evolved several times independently, so this alone is not a criterion that defines the clade. Families In 2021, a group of several spider taxonomists published a major study of the phylogeny of Dionycha, using genetic and phenotypic data. It included the families listed below: ;Dionycha *Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
