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Giuseppe Raffo
Giuseppe Raffo (full name Giuseppe Maria Raffo, born February 9, 1795 in Tunis. died 2 October 1862 in Paris) was a Tunisian businessman and politician who served on the Supreme Council of the Beylik of Tunis, fulfilling the main functions of a Minister of Foreign Affairs. Background His father, Giovanni Battista Felice Raffo, born in 1747 near Chiavari in Liguria, was captured and enslaved in 1770 by Barbary pirates. Once freed, he set up a wet house-making business and also served as interpreter to successive beys of Tunis: Ali Bey, Hammouda Pasha and Mahmoud Bay. He married Giovanna Terrazzani, (1760-1823) and left a daughter, Elena Grazia (born 1784) as well as Giuseppe Maria. Giuseppe was introduced to court by his father and Elena converted to Islam, taking the name Aisha, and married the bey’s brother Moustapha. In 1835 Hussein Bey died and Moustapha succeeded him, making Giuseppe Raffo the bey’s brother in law. Under Hussein Bey Raffo had been a simple kasâk bashi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. O'Collins, p. v (preface). The church consists of 24 ''sui iuris'' churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state. The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church teaches that it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1795 Births
Events January–June * January – Central England records its coldest ever month, in the CET records dating back to 1659. * January 14 – The University of North Carolina opens to students at Chapel Hill, becoming the first state university in the United States. * January 16 – War of the First Coalition: Flanders campaign: The French occupy Utrecht, Netherlands. * January 18 – Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam: William V, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands), flees the country. * January 19 – The Batavian Republic is proclaimed in Amsterdam, ending the Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands). * January 20 – French troops enter Amsterdam. * January 23 – Flanders campaign: Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder: The Dutch fleet, frozen in Zuiderzee, is captured by the French 8th Hussars. * February 7 – The Eleventh Amendment to the United St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tabarka
Tabarka ( ar, طبرقة ') is a coastal town located in north-western Tunisia, close to the border with Algeria. Tabarka's history is a mosaic of Berber, Punic, Hellenistic, Roman, Arabic, Genoese and Turkish culture. The town is dominated by an offshore rock on which there remains a Genoese castle. Nationalist leader Habib Bourguiba, later president of post-independence Tunisia, was exiled on Tabarka by the French colonial authorities in 1952. Tourist attractions include coral fishing, the Coralis Festival of underwater photography, and its annual jazz festival. Name Tabarka was known to the Carthaginians as ( xpu, 𐤕𐤁𐤓𐤊𐤏𐤍). This was transcribed into Greek as ''Thaúbraka'' () and into Latin as ''Thabraca''. In modern day Berber it is known as ''Tabarka'' or ''Tbarga'', while its Arabic name is ''Ṭbarqa'' (). History Although older sources placed Thabraca within the Roman province of Numidia, recent ones agree on placing it in the Roman province of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raffaele Rubattino
Raffaele Rubattino (10 October 1810, Genoa – 2 November 1881) was an Italian entrepreneur and colonialist who started a shipping company that ran merchant ships on the routes to the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. He was also a founder of the Italian navy Biography Raffaele Rubattino was born in Genoa on 10 October 1810 in a family of business people. He started a transport business in 1833 between Genoa and Milan and then merged it with the business of Gavino and Lazzaro Rebizzo. In 1843 he began a steamboat service in the Mediterranean with two small vessels, ''Castore'' and ''Polluce''. The latter collided with the ''Mongebella''. He then built larger ships: ''Cagliari'', ''Piemonte'', and ''Lombardo''. The latter two carried Garibaldi and his men to Marsala in 1860. His company formed an agreement in 1881 with the Sicilian shipping company of Vincenzo Florio to form the Navigazione Generale Italiana. Rubattino was politically active and used his business to advance ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sidi Daoud
Sidi Daoud () is a farming town in north-central Algeria, on the west bank of the ''Sebaou River'', a few kilometers downstream from its mouth. It is the capital of a municipality dominated by the mountain of Bouberak, including the coastal village of Sahel Bouberak and the zawiya of Sidi Amar Cherif. This municipality is one of three constituting the Baghlia District in eastern Boumerdès Province. As of 2008, the population of the municipality is 16,900. History During the early colonial period, the area around Sidi Daoud was called Issers-Djedian, after the tribe inhabiting it. After defeating the 1871 Mokrani Revolt against colonial rule, the French government launched an extensive program of land expropriation to punish groups that had fought against them; from the Issers ed Djedian, they expropriated 2486 hectares of land in 1873 to found the new settlement of Bois-Sacré (Sacred Wood), thought to be a corruption of the Arabic place name Bou-Askri (place of the soldi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sadok Bey
Muhammad III as-Sadiq ( ar, محمد الثالث الصادق; 7 February 1813 – 27 October 1882) commonly known as Sadok Bey ( ar, الصادق باي), was the Husainid Bey of Tunis from 1859 until his death. Invested as Bey al-Mahalla (Heir Apparent) on 10 June 1855, he succeeded his brother Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn on 23 September 1859. Named as divisional General in the Imperial Ottoman Army on 10 June 1855, he was promoted to the rank of Marshal on 10 December 1859. Reign In July 1860, the Bey was persuaded by the British consul, Richard Wood, to allow a British subject named Holt to set up the first official printing press, as well as the first Arabic-language newspaper in the country, the '' ar-Ra'id at-Tūnisi''. A telegraph concession was established, with a French interest taking it up in 1859. On 23 April 1861 he promulgated the first written constitution in the Arab world, separating executive, legislative and judiciary powers, through a new Supreme Council, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mustapha Khaznadar
Mustapha Khaznadar ( ar, مصطفى خزندار; 1817–1878), born as Georgios Halkias Stravelakis () was a Tunisian politician who served as Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis from 1855 to 1873.. He was one of the most influential people in modern Tunisian history.. Biography Early life Mustapha Khaznadar was born in the village of Kardamyla on the Greek island of Chios. as Georgios Halkias Stravelakis. in 1817.. In January 1822, rebels from the neighboring islands of Samos arrived on Chios and declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman sultan soon sent an army of about 40,000 to the island of Chios, where roughly 52,000 Greek inhabitants were massacred and tens of thousands of women and children were taken into slavery. During the Chios massacre, Georgios's father, the sailor Stephanis Halkias Stravelakis, was killed, while Georgios along with his brother Yannis were captured and sold into slavery by the Ottomans. He was then taken to Smyrna and then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution Of Tunisia
The Constitution of Tunisia is the supreme law of the Tunisian Republic. The constitution is the framework for the organization of the Tunisian government and for the relationship of the federal government with the governorates, citizens, and all people within Tunisia. Tunisia's first modern constitution was the Fundamental Pact of 1857. This was followed by the Constitution of 1861, which was not replaced until after the departure of French administrators in 1956, by the constitution of 1959. It was adopted on 1 June 1959 and amended in 1999 and 2002, after the Tunisian constitutional referendum of 2002. Following the revolution and months of protests, a Constituent Assembly was elected to draft a new constitution, the Tunisian Constitution of 2014 which was adopted on 26 January 2014. In September 2021, President Kaïs Saïed announced an upcoming reform of the 2014 Constitution. It's acted by the ''Presidential Decree n° 2021-117 of 22 September 2021''. On 25 May 2022, h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad II Ibn Al-Husayn
Mohammed Bey ( ar, أبو عبد اله محمد باشا باي) or M'hamed Bey (18 September 1811 – 22 September 1859)Ibn Abi Dhiaf, ''op. cit.'', p. 293 was the eleventh Husainid Bey of Tunis, ruling from 1855 until his death. He was the son of Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud and his second wife Lalla Fatima al-Munastiri. As Bey al-Mahalla (Heir Apparent) he had been awarded the rank of divisional general in the Ottoman army in August 1840, and was raised to the rank of marshal on 7 August 1855, shortly after he succeeded his cousin Ahmad Bey on 30 May 1855. He retained his predecessor's key minister Mustapha Khaznadar as Grand vizier and surrounded himself with competent ministers such as Kheireddine Pacha and Generals Hussain and Rustum as well as devoted counsellors including Mohamed Bayram IV, Mahmoud Kabadou and Ismaïl Caïd Essebsi. After his accession he proceeded with reforms, including, on 10 September 1857, the Fundamental Pact which recognised religious freedo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi ( , ;In his native Ligurian language, he is known as ''Gioxeppe Gaibado''. In his particular Niçard dialect of Ligurian, he was known as ''Jousé'' or ''Josep''. 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's " fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi is also known as the "''Hero of the Two Worlds''" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe. Garibaldi was a follower of the Italian nationalist Mazzini and embraced the republican nationalism of the Young Italy movement. He became a supporter of Italian unification under a democratic republican government. However, breaking with Mazzini, he pragmatically allied himself with the monarc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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