|
Giuseppe Pinelli
Giuseppe "Pino" Pinelli (21 October 1928 – 15 December 1969) was an Italian railroad worker and anarchist, who died while being detained by the ''Polizia di Stato'' in 1969. Pinelli was a member of the Milan-based anarchist association named Ponte della Ghisolfa. He was also the secretary of the Italian branch of the Anarchist Black Cross. His death, believed by many to have been caused by members of the police, inspired Nobel Prize laureate Dario Fo to write his famous play titled '' Accidental Death of an Anarchist''. Early life Pinelli was born in Milan to Alfredo Pinelli and Rosa Malacarne. His family was working-class in one of the poorest areas of post-World War I Milan. Although he had to work in many low-income jobs, such as waiter and warehouseman, in order to make ends meet, he nonetheless found the time to read many books and become politically active throughout his youth. Among other political activities, he also worked with the anarchist group that published ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milan
Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nearly 1.4 million, while its Metropolitan City of Milan, metropolitan city has 3.2 million residents. Within Europe, Milan is the fourth-most-populous List of urban areas in the European Union, urban area of the EU with 6.17 million inhabitants. According to national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area (also known as Greater Milan) is estimated between 7.5 million and 8.2 million, making it by far the List of metropolitan areas of Italy, largest metropolitan area in Italy and List of metropolitan areas in Europe, one of the largest in the EU.* * * * Milan is the economic capital of Italy, one of the economic capitals of Europe and a global centre for business, fashion and finance. Milan is reco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esperanto
Esperanto (, ) is the world's most widely spoken Constructed language, constructed international auxiliary language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887 to be 'the International Language' (), it is intended to be a universal second language for international communication. He described the language in ''Dr. Esperanto's International Language'' (), which he published under the pseudonym . Early adopters of the language liked the name and soon used it to describe his language. The word translates into English as 'one who hopes'. Within the range of constructed languages, Esperanto occupies a middle ground between "naturalistic" (imitating existing natural languages) and ''Constructed language#A priori and a posteriori languages, a priori'' (where features are not based on existing languages). Esperanto's vocabulary, syntax and semantics derive predominantly from languages of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European group. A substantial majority of its vocabulary (approximat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vito Miceli
Vito Miceli (6 January 1916 – 1 December 1990) was an Italian general and politician. Biography Born in Trapani, he was a lieutenant of the Bersaglieri during the Second World War. He was chief of the SIOS, the Italian Army Intelligence's Service from 1969 and, was promoted to division general, the military intelligence service SID's head from 18 October 1970 to 1974. Vito Miceli was arrested in October 1974 on charges of political conspiracy concerning investigations about the Golpe Borghese coup attempt. He was acquitted of any wrongdoing in 1978. Miceli received money in 1972 from the United States embassy in Rome. Ambassador Graham Martin turned $800,000 over to Miceli, as Italy's intelligence chief, with the approval of the director of the National Security Council, Henry Kissinger, despite the objections of the CIA Rome station chief. It is unknown how Miceli spent the money. Miceli was a member of the masonic Propaganda Due. He later became a deputy of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Defence (Italy)
The Ministry of Defence (, or MDD) is the government body of the Italian Republic responsible for military and civil defence matters and managing the Italian Armed Forces. It is led by the Italian Minister of Defence, a position occupied by Guido Crosetto since October 2022. The Ministry of Defence was created in 1947 by the merger of the Ministry of War, Ministry of the Navy, and Ministry of Aeronautics under the De Gasperi III Cabinet. The first Minister of Defence was Luigi Gasparotto. History The precursors of the Ministry of Defence were the Ministry of War and the Ministry of the Navy, among the first ministries created in the Kingdom of Sardinia. With the Italian unification, during the Cavour IV Cabinet, the division of the two ministries remained, similar to other European government bodies. On 30 August 1925 the Mussolini Cabinet established the Ministry of Aeronautics as a third ministry with a military role; it oversaw both the ''Regia Aeronautica'' ("Roya ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Servizio Informazioni Difesa
(; , ) was the military intelligence intelligence agency, agency of Italy from 1977 to 2007. With the reform of the Italian Intelligence Services approved on 1 August 2007, SISMI was replaced by Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna (AISE).Legislative Act n.124 of 08/03/2007, reported on the Official Gazette of the Italian Republic, General Series, n.187 of 08/13/2007 History Since the end of World War II, Italian intelligence agencies have been reorganized many times (Servizio Informazioni Militari, SIM 1900–49, SIFAR 1949–65, Servizio Informazioni Difesa, SID 1965–77) and last SISDE (civil) and SISMI (military) from 1977 to 2007, in an attempt to increase their effectiveness and bring them more fully under Civilian control of the military, civilian control. The agency was established as part of a broader reform of the Italian intelligence community, which represented the latest in a long string of government attempts to effectively manage Italy's intelligence agenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Il Fatto Quotidiano
(English: "The Daily Fact") is an Italian daily newspaper owned by Editoriale Il Fatto S.p.A. and published in Rome. It was founded on 23 September 2009 and was edited by until 2015, when Marco Travaglio became the editor. The three deputy editors are , (a former MP for the Communist Refoundation Party and Critical Left) and Maddalena Oliva. Born on the long wave of ''Mani pulite'' and subsequent corruption scandals, it was a point of reference for the most intransigent anti-Berlusconism. Described by the likes of philosopher and journalist Alberico Giostra as a party-newspaper created by Paolo Flores d'Arcais and Travaglio, it has combined both left-wing and right-wing positions, but it is broadly left-wing populist and anti-establishment. The newspaper says it is independent and objective. It has been accused by critics of holding both left-wing and right-wing biases. It is widely held to be politically close to the Five Star Movement (M5S), including by Michele Santoro, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giorgio Pietrostefani
Giorgio Pietrostefani (born 1943) was a leader of Lotta Continua. In 1988 the ''pentito'' accused him (along with Adriano Sofri) of ordering the 1972 murder of Luigi Calabresi Luigi Calabresi (14 November 1937 – 17 May 1972) was an Italian ''Polizia di Stato'' officer in Milan. Responsible for investigating far-left political movements, Calabresi was assassinated in 1972 by members of ''Lotta Continua'', who blamed ....Ginsborg, Paul. ''Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State''. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. p. 193. Pietrostafani was convicted in 1997, along with Sofri, , and Marino himself (who went free in exchange for his testimony). While free pending an appeal, Pietrostefani fled to France, which refused to extradite him under the Mitterrand doctrine. In 2021 the French government arrested him, along with six other left-wing activists convicted of crimes in Italy. However, in 2023 France's highest court refused to extradite him. References 1943 births ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adriano Sofri
Adriano Sofri (born 1 August 1942, Trieste) is an Italian former far-left politician, a journalist and a writer. He was convicted for ordering the assassination of Milan Police officer Luigi Calabresi in 1972. This was one of the most important murders during the historical period of social turmoil and political violence in Italy known as the " Years of Lead". Spanning from the late 1960s until the late 1980s, they were marked by a wave of both far-left and far-right incidents of political terrorism. During the 1960s and 1970s, Sofri was the leader of the far-left militant organization called Lotta Continua ("Continuous Struggle"), together with Giorgio Pietrostefani. Sofri spent his sentence between 1997 and 2012. In the meantime, he wrote for various Italian national newspapers, such as '' Il Foglio'', ''La Repubblica'', and ''Panorama''. He is a daily columnist for ''Il Foglio'' still nowadays. Calabresi murder and background On 12 December 1969, the Piazza Fontana bombin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lotta Continua
Lotta Continua (LC; ) was a Far-left politics, far-left militant organization in Italy, during the historical period of social turmoil and political violence in the country known as the "Years of Lead (Italy), Years of Lead". Its leaders Adriano Sofri and Giorgio Pietrostefani ordered the assassination of police officer Luigi Calabresi in 1972. Militant Cesare Battisti (terrorist), Cesare Battisti later joined other organizations and repaired in France after being convicted for four homicides. Some other militants later joined the more famous Red Brigades. After the disbandment of the organization, various former militants became influential Italian politicians, journalists or writers. Lotta Continua was founded in autumn 1969 by a split in the student-worker movement of Turin, which had started militant activity at the universities and factories such as Fiat. The first issue of ''Lotta Continua'' (LC's eponymous newspaper) was published in November 1969, and publication contin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neo-fascists
Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology which includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, ultraconservatism, racial supremacy, right-wing populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sentiment, as well as opposition to social democracy, parliamentarianism, Marxism, communism, socialism, liberalism, neoliberalism, and liberal democracy. Allegations that a group is neo-fascist may be hotly contested, especially when the term is used as a political epithet. Some post-World War II regimes have been described as neo-fascist due to their authoritarian nature, and sometimes due to their fascination with and sympathy towards fascist ideology and rituals. History According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, the neo-fascist ideology emerged in 1942, after Nazi Germany invaded the USSR and decided to reorient its propaganda on a Europeanist ground. Europe then became both the myth and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ordine Nuovo
Ordine Nuovo (Italian language, Italian for "New Order", full name Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo, "New Order Scholarship Center") was an Italian far right cultural and extra-parliamentary political and paramilitary organization founded by Pino Rauti in 1956. It had been the most important extra-parliamentary neofascist organization of the post-war Italian republic. The name is shared by Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo, a splinter group of Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo. The organization, considered as an attempt at reforming the National Fascist Party, Fascist Party (banned by the Constitution), was forcibly dissolved by the Italian government in 1973. Remaining elements of the group formed the Ordine Nero (''Black Order'') in 1974. Members and a leader of Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo were involved in several terrorist attacks, such as the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing. History Previously, ''L'Ordine Nuovo'' ("The New Order") had been the name of a radical left-wing paper edited by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luigi Calabresi
Luigi Calabresi (14 November 1937 – 17 May 1972) was an Italian ''Polizia di Stato'' officer in Milan. Responsible for investigating far-left political movements, Calabresi was assassinated in 1972 by members of ''Lotta Continua'', who blamed him for the death of anarchist activist Giuseppe Pinelli in police custody in 1969. The deaths of Pinelli and Calabresi were significant events during the Years of Lead (Italy), Years of Lead, a period of major political violence and Civil disorder, unrest in Italy from the 1960s to the 1980s. Early life and education Calabresi was born on 14 November 1937 into a middle-class Rome, Roman family. His father was a wine and cooking oil merchant. He attended the classical secondary school ''San Leone Magno'' and then the Sapienza University of Rome to study law studies, Law. In 1964, he successfully defended his Ph.D. thesis on the Sicilian Mafia. Having been part of Catholic associations during his years in school, he enrolled, while studying ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
