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Ghulat
The () were a branch of history of Shia Islam, early Shi'a Islam. The term mainly refers to a wide variety of List of extinct Shia sects, extinct Shi'i sects active in 8th- and 9th-century Kufa in Lower Mesopotamia, and who, despite their sometimes significant differences, shared several common ideas. These common ideas included the attribution of a Imamate in Shia doctrine, divine nature to the Imams, metempsychosis (the belief that souls can migrate between different human and non-human bodies), a particular gnosticism, gnostic creation myth involving pre-existent 'shadows' (''azilla'') whose fall from grace produced the material world, and an emphasis on taqiyya, secrecy and dissociation from outsiders. They were named ''ghulat'' by other Shi'i and Sunni Muslims for their purportedly "exaggerated" veneration of Muhammad (–632) and Ahl al-Bayt, his family, most notably Ali (–661) and his descendants, the Imamate in Shia doctrine, Imams. The ideas of the ''ghulat'' have at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alawites
Alawites () are an Arab ethnoreligious group who live primarily in the Levant region in West Asia and follow Alawism, a sect of Islam that splintered from early Shia as a ''ghulat'' branch during the ninth century. Alawites venerate Ali ibn Abi Talib, the " first Imam" in the Twelver school, as a manifestation of the divine essence. It is the only ''ghulat'' sect still in existence today. The group was founded during the ninth century by Ibn Nusayr, who was a disciple of the tenth Twelver Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and of the eleventh Twelver Imam, Hasan al-Askari. For this reason, Alawites are also called ''Nusayris''. Surveys suggest Alawites represent an important portion of the Syrian population and are a significant minority in the Hatay Province of Turkey and northern Lebanon. There is also a population living in the village of Ghajar in the Golan Heights, where there had been two other Alawite villages ( Ayn Fit and Za'ura) before the Six-Day War. The Alawites for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kitab Al-Sirat (al-Mufaddal)
Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar al-Juʿfī (), died before 799, was an early Shi'i leader and the purported author of a number of religious and philosophical writings. A contemporary of the Imams Ja'far al-Sadiq (–765) and Musa al-Kazim (745–799), he belonged to those circles in Kufa whom later Twelver Shi'i authors would call ('exaggerators') for their 'exaggerated' veneration of the Imams.; . On the more generally, see further ; . On their cosmology and theology, see . As a money-changer, al-Mufaddal wielded considerable financial and political power. He was likely also responsible for managing the financial affairs of the Imams in Medina. For a time he was a follower of the famous leader Abu al-Khattab (died 755–6), who had claimed that the Imams were divine. Early Imami heresiographers and Nusayri sources regard al-Mufaddal as a staunch supporter of Abu al-Khattab's ideas who later spawned his own movement (the ). However, Twelver Shi'i sources inst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raj'a
(), also known as (), is a doctrine in Shia Islam positing that some of the dead will return to life before the Resurrection to avenge their oppression. In Twelver Shia doctrine, the concept of is closely intertwined with the eschatological concept of occultation () and the reappearance of the twelfth Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi in the end times to establish peace and justice on earth. This doctrine, which was elaborated in the early 10th century by the then emerging Twelver sect, goes back on earlier ideas developed by early Shia sects such as the late 7th-century and the early 9th-century , who denied the deaths of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya (died 700) and Musa al-Kazim (died 799) and awaited their return. The doctrine was also current among the 8th/9th-century Shias known as (), whose elaboration of the idea may have influenced early Twelver scholars. The concept was later also used in the Baháʼí Faith (19th century) to designate the cyclical return of the Manifestation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umm Al-kitab (Shi'i Book)
The () is a syncretic Shi'i work originating in the milieus of 8th-century Kufa (Iraq). It was later transplanted to Syria by the 10th-century Nusayris, whose final redaction of the work was preserved in a Persian translation produced by the Nizari Isma'ilis of Central Asia.. The work only survives in Persian. It contains no notable elements of Isma'ili doctrine, but given the fact that Isma'ili authors starting from the 10th century were influenced by early ideas such as those found in the , and especially given the influence of these ideas on later Tayyibi Isma'ilism, some Isma'ilis do regard the work as one of the most important works in their tradition. The work presents itself as a revelation of secret knowledge by the Shi'i Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (677–732) to his disciple Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi (died –750).. Its doctrinal contents correspond to a large degree to what 9th/10th-century heresiographers ascribed to various sects, with a particular resemblance to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Nusayr
Abu Shu'ayb Muhammad ibn Nusayr al-Numayri (died ), commonly known simply as Ibn Nusayr, was an Arab religious leader who is considered the founder of Alawism. He was a contemporary of Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, the tenth and eleventh imams in Twelverism. Born in Basra to the Banu Numayr tribe, Ibn Nusayr is viewed by his followers as the (representative) of al-Askari and sometimes of Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi, during the Minor Occultation. A rival of his in claiming to be the Bāb (Door) to the Imams was Abu Yaqub Ishaq, founder of the Ishaqiyya. Ibn Nusayr claimed that Ali Al-Hadi held a "divine nature". The followers of Ibn Nusayr are known as the Nusayris () or, since the 1920s, the Alawites (). Ibn Nusayr was an Arab from the northern tribe of Banu Numayr (or of Persian origin) but was associated with the Arab al-Namir tribe. Schisms After the death of al‐Askari the Shia community was faced with the issue of who the Imam's successor was, some saying that al‐Askar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Shia Islam
Shi‘a Islam, also known as Shi‘ite Islam or Shia, is the second largest branch of Islam after Sunni Islam. Shias adhere to the teachings of Muhammad and the religious guidance of his family (who are referred to as the Ahl al-Bayt) or his descendants known as Shia Imams. Muhammad's bloodline continues only through his daughter Fatima Zahra and cousin Ali who alongside Muhammad's grandsons comprise the Ahl al-Bayt. Thus, Shias consider Muhammad's descendants as the true source of guidance along with the teaching of Muhammad. Shia Islam, like Sunni Islam, has at times been divided into many branches; however, only three of these currently have a significant number of followers, and each of them has a separate trajectory. From a political viewpoint the history of the Shia was in several stages. The first part was the emergence of the Shia, which starts after Muhammad's death in 632 and lasts until Battle of Karbala in 680. This part coincides with the Imamah (Shia doctrine), Imamah ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tayyibi Isma'ilism
Tayyibi Isma'ilism () is the only surviving sect of the Musta'li Ismailism, Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism, the other being the extinct Hafizi Isma'ilism, Hafizi branch. Followers of Tayyibi Isma'ilism are found in various Bohra communities: Dawoodi Bohra, Dawoodi, Sulaymani, and Alavi Bohras, Alavi. The Tayyibi originally split from the Fatimid Caliphate-supporting Hafizi Isma'ilism, Hafizi branch by supporting the right of at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim to the Imamate in Ismaili doctrine, Imamate. History Upon the death of the twentieth Imam, al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (d. ), his new born child at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (b. ) was appointed the twenty-first Imam. As he was not in a position to run the Dawah, the Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi, his Hujjah or proof, established the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq, who acted on his behalf. The Da'i al-Mutlaq had now been given absolute authority and made independent from political activity. Da'i al-Mutlaq Dhu'ayb ibn Musa Da'i al-Mutlaq Dhu'ayb ibn Musa, Zoe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soothsaying
Divination () is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic ritual or practice. Using various methods throughout history, diviners ascertain their interpretations of how a should proceed by reading signs, events, or omens, or through alleged contact or interaction with supernatural agencies such as ghost, spirits, gods, god-like-beings or the "will of the universe". Divination can be seen as an attempt to organize what appears to be random so that it provides insight into a problem or issue at hand. Some instruments or practices of divination include Tarot card reading, Tarot-card reading, Runic magic, rune casting, Tasseography, tea-leaf reading, automatic writing, water scrying, and psychedelics like psilocybin mushrooms and DMT. If a distinction is made between divination and fortune-telling, divination has a more formal or ritualistic element and often contains a more social character, usually in a religion, religious context, as se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Fitna
The Second Fitna was a period of general political and military disorder and civil war in the Islamic community during the early Umayyad Caliphate. It followed the death of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I in 680, and lasted for about twelve years. The war involved the suppression of two challenges to the Umayyad dynasty, the first by Husayn ibn Ali, as well as his supporters including Sulayman ibn Surad and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi who rallied for his revenge in History of Iraq, Iraq, and the second by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. The roots of the civil war go back to the First Fitna. After the Siege of Uthman, assassination of the third caliph, Uthman, the Islamic community experienced its first civil war over the question of leadership, with the main contenders being Ali and Mu'awiya. Following the assassination of Ali in 661 and the abdication of his successor Hasan ibn Ali, Hasan the same year, Mu'awiya became the sole ruler of the caliphate. Mu'awiya's unprecedented decision to nom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Ibn Al-Hanafiyya
Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya (, , 15–81 AH) was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the fourth caliph in Sunni Islam () and the first imam in Shia Islam. Ibn al-Hanafiyya was an effective lieutenant for his father Ali during his caliphate. After the assassination of Ali and the deaths of his two sons Hasan and Husayn, many recognized Ibn al-Hanafiyya as the head of the House of Ali. Claiming to represent Ibn al-Hanafiyya, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi rose in Iraq in 686 to avenge Husayn and his relatives, who were massacred in 680 CE by forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid bin Mu'awiya (). The quiescent Ibn al-Hanafiyya did not actively associate with this rebellion but was still rescued by Mukhtar when he was detained by the rival caliph Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. Support for Ibn al-Hanafiyya continued even after the defeat and death of Mukhtar in 686687 in the form of the Kaysanites, a now-extinct Shia sect that traced the imamate to Ibn al-Hanafiyya and his descendants, particularl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
