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Geophiloidea
Geophiloidea is a superfamily in the order Geophilomorpha and suborder Adesmata containing the families Zelanophilidae, Gonibregmatidae Gonibregmatidae is a family of soil centipedes belonging to the superfamily Geophiloidea. In 2014, a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and molecular data found this family to be paraphyletic with respect to the families Neogeophil ... (including Eriphantidae and Neogeophilidae), and Geophilidae (including Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae, Linotaeniidae, Chilenophilinae, and Macronicophilidae). This superfamily is characterized by features of the chamber leading to the mouth opening: The border between the proximal ( clypeal) part and the distal ( labral) part of the roof of this chamber (epipharynx) is divided into two lobes. Furthermore, the spines on the bottom of this chamber (hypopharynx) extend to most frontal and ventral parts of this floor. Another diagnostic trait of this superfamily are the mandibles, which each ...
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Geophilidae
Geophilidae is a family of soil centipedes in the superfamily Geophiloidea and the order Geophilomorpha. In 2014, a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and molecular data found this family to be polyphyletic. To avoid this polyphyly, authorities dismissed the families Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae, Linotaeniidae, and Macronicophilidae, which are now deemed to be junior synonyms for Geophilidae. Authorities also moved some genera from Geophilidae to form the family Zelanophildae in order to avoid the polyphyly of the family Geophilidae. The family Geophilidae now includes more than 650 species in more than 120 genera. This family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species found almost worldwide. Description Species in this family are characterized by mandibles with a single pectinate lamella. Sternal pores are often present but with variable arrangements, and coxal organs are usually present and open into pits or through distinct pores. Female gonopods in ...
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Adesmata
Adesmata is a suborder of centipedes within the order Geophilomorpha containing the superfamilies Geophiloidea and Himantarioidea. This suborder contains 13 families. All members of this suborder have ventral defensive glands. Description Species of the suborder Adesmata are characterized by a labrum without a separate intermediate tooth, the lateral parts fringed by projections; coxal projections and telopodites of the first maxillae possessing subapical spine- sensilla and apical scutefilaments; telopodites of the second maxillae short compared to the coxosternite width; forcipular coxosternite with chitin Chitin (carbon, C8hydrogen, H13oxygen, O5nitrogen, N)n ( ) is a long-chain polymer of N-Acetylglucosamine, ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cell ...-lines; glands along the trunk opening in ventral pore-fields; and a variable number of legs between conspecific specime ...
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Gonibregmatidae
Gonibregmatidae is a family of soil centipedes belonging to the superfamily Geophiloidea. In 2014, a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and molecular data found this family to be paraphyletic with respect to the families Neogeophilidae and Eriphantidae, which authorities now deem to be junior synonyms for Gonibregmatidae. This family now includes more than 20 species in at least 10 genera. Description Centipedes in this family feature a short head and mandibles with a single row of short teeth. The number of leg-bearing segments in this family varies within as well as among species and ranges from 57 to 191. These centipedes are very elongated with a high mean number of trunk segments (often greater than 100) and great variability in this number within species. The minimum number of legs recorded in this family (57 pairs) appears in the species ''Himantosoma porosum''. This family includes the species '' Gonibregmatus plurimipes'', which can have as many as 191 l ...
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Zelanophilidae
Zelanophilidae is a family of centipedes belonging to the order Geophilomorpha and superfamily Geophiloidea. Centipedes in this family are found in the Australasian region. This family includes seven species distributed among three genera. Description These centipedes feature a slightly elongated head, elongated antennae that gradually taper, a clypeus with many setae on the anterior part, a labral posterior margin fringed with slender projections, a mandible with a single pectinate lamella, glandular pores present on the trunk metasternites in both sexes, many scattered pores on most sides of the coxopleura, and slender ultimate legs with claws. The female gonopod Gonopods are specialized appendages of various arthropods used in reproduction or egg-laying. In males, they facilitate the transfer of sperm from male to female during mating, and thus are a type of intromittent organ. In crustaceans and millipe ...s are separate and bi-articulate. The number of legs vary withi ...
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Geophilomorpha
Geophilomorpha is an order of centipedes commonly known as soil centipedes. The name "Geophilomorpha" is from Ancient Greek roots meaning "formed to love the earth." This group is the most diverse centipede order, with 230 genera. These centipedes are found nearly worldwide but are absent in Antarctica and most Arctic regions. Description Centipedes in this order are epimorphic, hatching with a full complement of segments. These centipedes each have an odd number of leg-bearing segments ranging from 27 (in the genus '' Schendylops'') to 191 (in the species '' Gonibregmatus plurimipes''). They are eyeless and blind, with long and narrow bodies, ranging from yellow to brown in color and from about 1 cm to 22 cm in length. They bear spiracles on all leg-bearing segments except the first and the last. The antennae have 14 segments and are usually slightly attenuated. Suborders and families This order is a monophyletic group including two suborders: the monophyletic Placodesmata, ...
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Linotaeniidae
Linotaeniidae are a monophyletic clade of soil centipedes in the family Geophilidae found mostly in the temperate regions of the Holarctic as well as the south Andes. Species in the clade Linotaeniidae are characterized by a body that usually tapers toward the anterior tip; mandibles with a single pectinate lamella; second maxillae with coxo-sternite usually undivided and claws without projections; forcipular segment short, with tergite remarkably wide, forcipules evidently tapering; coxal organs opening through distinct pores on the ventral surface of the coxo-pleura. The number of legs in this clade varies within as well as among species and ranges from as few as 31 pairs of legs (in '' Strigamia hoffmani'') to as many as 83 leg pairs (in '' S. epileptica'', ''Agathothus gracilis'', and ''Diplochora imperialis''). Compared to most families in the suborder Adesmata Adesmata is a suborder of centipedes within the order Geophilomorpha containing the superfamilies Geophiloide ...
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Dignathodontidae
Dignathodontidae is a monophyletic clade of soil centipedes in the family Geophilidae found in the Mediterranean region, extending to Macaronesia, Caucasus, and western and central Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east .... The clade is characterized by a gradually anteriorly tapered body, a short head with non-attenuated antennae, and a poorly sclerotized labrum with tubercles. The number of legs in this clade varies within as well as among species and ranges from 43 pairs (in ''Henia brevis'') to 153 pairs of legs (in ''Henia devia''). Species in this clade tend to have more leg-bearing segments and greater intraspecific variability in this number than generally found in the family Geophilidae. Genera: * '' Agnathodon'' Folkmanová & Dobroruka, 1960 * '' Dign ...
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Mandible (arthropod Mouthpart)
250px, The mandibles of a bull ant The mandible (from or mandĭbŭ-lum, a jaw) of an arthropod is a pair of mouthparts used either for biting or cutting and holding food. Mandibles are often simply called jaws. Mandibles are present in the extant subphyla Myriapoda (millipedes and others), Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects etc.). These groups make up the clade Mandibulata, which is currently believed to be the sister group to the rest of arthropods, the clade Arachnomorpha (Chelicerata and Trilobita). Unlike the chelicerae of arachnids, mandibles can often be used to chew food. Mandibulates also differ by having antennae, and also by having three distinct body regions: head, thorax and abdomen. (The cephalothorax (or prosoma) of chelicerates is a fusion of head and thorax.) Insects Insect mandibles are as diverse in form as their food. For instance, grasshoppers and many other plant-eating insects have sharp-edged mandibles that move side to side. Most butterflies ...
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Labrum (arthropod Mouthpart)
The labrum is a flap-like structure that lies immediately in front of the mouth in almost all extant Euarthropoda. The most conspicuous exceptions are the Pycnogonida, which are probably chelicerates. In entomology, the labrum amounts to the "upper lip" of an insect mouth, the corresponding "lower lip" being the labium. The evolutionary origin, embryogenesis, and morphological development of the labrum have proved to be some of the most controversial and challenging topics in the study of arthropod head structures. Embryonic nature and origin of the labrum The labrum is innervated in crustaceans and insects from the tritocerebrum (the back of the brain). However, in development, its embryonic primordium often appears at the anterior of the head and migrates backwards towards its adult position. Furthermore, it often appears as a bilobed structure, with a set of muscles, nerves and gene expression in many ways similar to that of an appendage. This evidence has been used to ...
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Clypeus (arthropod Anatomy)
The clypeus is one of the sclerites that make up the face of an arthropod. In insects, the clypeus delimits the lower margin of the face, with the labrum articulated along the ventral margin of the clypeus. The mandibles bracket the labrum, but do not touch the clypeus. The dorsal margin of the clypeus is below the antennal sockets. The clypeus is often well-defined by sulci ("grooves") along its lateral and dorsal margins, and is most commonly rectangular or trapezoidal in overall shape. The post-clypeus is a large nose-like structure that lies between the eyes and makes up much of the front of the head in cicadas. In spider Spiders (order (biology), order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight limbs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude spider silk, silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and ran ...s, the clypeus is generally the area between the anterior edge of the carapace and the anterior eyes ...
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Geophilus
''Geophilus '' is a large, heterogeneous genus of soil centipedes in the family Geophilidae largely considered to be synonymous with '' Brachygeophilus''. The generic name first appeared in Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia in 1814 as '' Geophilus electricus''. This genus has a Holarctic distribution. Description This genus is characterized by a claw-shaped ultimate pretarsus, complete or nearly complete coxo-pleural sutures at the prosternum, and incomplete chitin-lines. Centipedes in this genus feature slightly elongate heads and labral intermediate parts with tubercles, the forcipules Forcipules are the modified, pincer-like, front legs of centipedes that are used to inject venom into prey. They are the only known examples of front legs acting as venom injectors. Nomenclature Forcipules go by a variety of names in both sci ... are usually poorly elongate with a single small tubercle at the base of each tarsungulum, and the anterior trunk metasternites usually ha ...
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Aphilodontidae
Aphilodontinae is a monophyletic group of soil centipedes previously known as the family Aphilodontidae in the order Geophilomorpha. This clade is now considered a subfamily in the family Geophilidae and has been renamed accordingly. This subfamily now includes more than 30 described species distributed among four genera. Phylogeny and taxonomy In 2014, a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and molecular data found the family Aphilodontidae nested within the family Geophilidae. To avoid paraphyly of the family Geophilidae with respect to Aphilodontidae, authorities dismissed Aphilodontidae as a separate family. Authorities now deem Aphilodontidae to be a junior synonym of Geophilidae. A phylogenetic analysis of the family Geophilidae based on morphology confirms the monophyly of the subfamily Aphilodontinae. The morphological evidence also places this subfamily in a clade with the geophilid genus '' Geoperingueyia'', which emerges as the closest relative of this sub ...
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