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Geastraceae
Geastrales is an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes (fungi) that are related to Gomphales. The order contains the families Geastraceae, which includes the "earthstars" formerly placed in Lycoperdales or Phallales, and also Schenellaceae, Sclerogastraceae and Sphaerobolaceae. About 160 species are classified in this order, divided among seven or eight genera, including ''Geastrum'', '' Myriostoma'' and ''Sphaerobolus''. ''Sphaerobolus'' species are known as "shotgun fungus" or "cannonball fungus". They colonize wood-based mulches and may throw black, sticky, spore-containing globs onto nearby surfaces. In ''Geastrum'', once mature, the exoperidium splits into a variable number of rays, which give them their visible star shape. The exoperidial rays are there to protect the endoperidial body and orchestrate spore dispersal.Kuhar, F., Castiglia, V., & Papinutti, L. (2013). Geastrum species of the La Rioja province, Argentina. Mycotaxon, 122, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.5248/1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myriostoma
''Myriostoma'' is a fungal genus in the family Geastraceae. Basidiocarps resemble earthstars, but the spore sac is supported by multiple columns (instead of a single column) and has multiple ostioles instead of a single, apical ostiole. Until 2017, the genus was thought to be monotypic with a single, widespread species, ''Myriostoma coliforme''. Recent research has, however, shown that at least six species occur worldwide. Taxonomy and phylogeny Nicaise Auguste Desvaux first defined and published the genus ''Myriostoma'' in 1809, with the single species ''Myriostoma anglicum'' (an illegitimate renaming of James Dickson's original ''Lycoperdon coliforme''). In 1821 Samuel Frederick Gray described the superfluous genus ''Polystoma'' for it. ''Myriostoma'' was classified in the family Geastraceae until 1973, when British mycologist Donald Dring placed it in the Astraeaceae based on the presence of trabeculae (stout columns that extend from the peridium to the central core of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geastrum
''Geastrum'' (orthographical variant ''Geaster'') is a genus of puffball-like mushrooms in the family Geastraceae. Many species are commonly known as earthstars. The name, which comes from ''geo'' meaning ''earth'' and meaning ''star'', refers to the behavior of the outer peridium. At maturity, the outer layer of the fruiting body splits into segments which turn outward creating a star-like pattern on the ground. The inner peridium is called a spore sac. In some species, the outer peridium splits from a middle layer, causing the spore sac to arch off the ground. If the outer peridium opens when wet and closes when dry, it is described as hygroscopic. In some species, the inner peridium is borne on a stalk or pedicel. The columella is a column-like clump of sterile tissue found inside the inner peridium. The network of fertile tissue inside the inner peridium, the capillitium, arises from the columella. This is where basidia and basidiospores are produced. The mouth in most sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geastrum Triplex
''Geastrum triplex'' is a fungus found in the detritus and leaf litter of hardwood forests around the world. It is commonly known as the collared earthstar, the saucered earthstar, or the triple earthstar—and less commonly by the alternative species name ''Geastrum indicum''. It is the largest member of the genus ''Geastrum'' (or Geastrum, earthstar fungi) and expanded mature specimens can reach a tip-to-tip length of up to . Immature basidiocarp, fruit bodies are spherical—somewhat resembling puffballs with pointed beaks—and are partially or completely buried in the ground. As the fungus matures, the outer layer of tissue (the exoperidium) splits into four to eight pointed segments that spread outwards and downwards, lifting and exposing the spherical inner spore sac. The spore sac contains the gleba, a mass of spores and fertile mycelial tissue that when young is white and firm, but ages to become brown and powdery. Often, a layer of the exoperidium splits around the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geasteroides
''Geasteroides'' is a fungal genus in the family Geastraceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species ''Geasteroides texensis'', described by American mycologist William Henry Long in 1917. Taxonomy Long described both the new genus and species in a 1917 article in the journal ''Mycologia''. The type collection was made in Denton, Texas in October 1907. Long called it "a '' Calvatia'' among the geaster". In 1945, Long replaced the name with ''Terrostella'', suggesting that ''Geasteroides'' was illegitimate because it had been used by Giovanni Antonio Battarra in 1755. However, later changes in the nomenclatural rules meant that names of gasteroid species published before 1801 no longer had priority, rendering ''Terrostella'' illegitimate. Patricio Ponce de León transferred the Congolese species ''Geastrum barbatum'' (described by Dissing & M. Lange in 1962) to ''Geasteroides'' in 1968, but this has since been transferred to the genus '' Phialastrum''. Description ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schenella
''Schenella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Geastraceae. The widely distributed genus contains four species. The genus was circumscribed by Thomas Huston Macbride in 1911. ''Pyrenogaster'', described in 1977, is a later synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a .... References Geastraceae Agaricomycetes genera {{Geastrales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sphaerobolus
''Sphaerobolus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Geastraceae. Commonly known as the "shotgun fungus", "artillery fungus" or "cannonball fungus", species discharge their spores with explosive force. Discharged spore sacs are sticky and have a tendency to strongly adhere to whatever surface they encounter, making them a nuisance to homeowners, pressure washing contractors, landscape mulch producers and insurance companies. Taxonomy and classification The generic name is derived from the Greek language, Greek words ''sphaer'', meaning "sphere", and ''obolus'', meaning "to throw". ''Sphaerobolus'' was first described by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli (as ''Carpobolus'') in 1729. Formerly, the genus was placed either in its own family, the Sphaerobolaceae, in the order Sclerodermatales, or, more commonly, in the order Nidulariales. Currently, the genus is placed in the family Geastraceae. Recent phylogenetic analysis suggests that ''Sphaerobolus'' should be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geastraceae
Geastrales is an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes (fungi) that are related to Gomphales. The order contains the families Geastraceae, which includes the "earthstars" formerly placed in Lycoperdales or Phallales, and also Schenellaceae, Sclerogastraceae and Sphaerobolaceae. About 160 species are classified in this order, divided among seven or eight genera, including ''Geastrum'', '' Myriostoma'' and ''Sphaerobolus''. ''Sphaerobolus'' species are known as "shotgun fungus" or "cannonball fungus". They colonize wood-based mulches and may throw black, sticky, spore-containing globs onto nearby surfaces. In ''Geastrum'', once mature, the exoperidium splits into a variable number of rays, which give them their visible star shape. The exoperidial rays are there to protect the endoperidial body and orchestrate spore dispersal.Kuhar, F., Castiglia, V., & Papinutti, L. (2013). Geastrum species of the La Rioja province, Argentina. Mycotaxon, 122, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.5248/1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puffballs
Puffballs are a type of fungus featuring a ball-shaped fruit body that (when mature) bursts on contact or impact, releasing a cloud of dust-like spores into the surrounding area. Puffballs belong to the division Basidiomycota and encompass several genera, including '' Calvatia'', ''Calbovista'' and ''Lycoperdon''. The puffballs were previously treated as a taxonomic group called the Gasteromycetes or Gasteromycetidae, but they are now known to be a polyphyletic assemblage. The distinguishing feature of all puffballs is that they do not have an open cap with spore-bearing gills. Instead, spores are produced internally, in a spheroidal fruit body called a ''gasterothecium'' (gasteroid 'stomach-like' basidiocarp). As the spores mature, they form a mass called a gleba in the centre of the fruitbody that is often of a distinctive color and texture. The basidiocarp remains closed until after the spores have been released from the basidia. Eventually, it develops an aperture, or dries, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tumbleweed
A tumbleweed is a structural part of the above-ground anatomy of a number of species of plants. It is a diaspore that, once mature and dry, detaches from its root or stem and rolls due to the force of the wind. In most such species, the tumbleweed is in effect the entire plant apart from the root system, but in other plants, a hollow fruit or inflorescence might detach instead. Xerophyte tumbleweed species occur most commonly in steppe and arid ecosystems, where frequent wind and the open environment permit rolling without prohibitive obstruction. Apart from its primary vascular system and roots, the tissues of the tumbleweed structure are dead; their death is functional because it is necessary for the structure to degrade gradually and fall apart so that its seeds or spores can escape during the tumbling, or germinate after the tumbleweed has come to rest in a moist location. In the latter case, many species of tumbleweed open mechanically, releasing their seeds as they swel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lycoperdales
The Lycoperdales are a now outdated order of fungi. The order included some well-known types such as the giant puffball, the earthstars, and other tuberous fungi. They were defined as having epigeous basidiomes, a hymenium present, one to three layers in the peridium (outer wall), powdery gleba, and brown spores. The restructuring of fungal taxonomy brought about by molecular phylogeny has divided this order. Most of its members have been placed in family Agaricaceae of order Agaricales, while the earthstars are now in Geastrales, and similar species now occupy the order Phallales. Lycoperdales were distinguished by their globose or subglobose fruiting body having a gleba that is powdery at maturity, and generally supported by sterile tissue. Example genera include Lycoperdon ''Lycoperdon'' is a genus of puffball mushrooms. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 50 species. In general, it contains the smaller species such as the pear-shaped puffball and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: agarics, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and '' Cryptococcus'', the human pathogenic yeast. Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores. However, some Basidiomycota are obligate asexual reproducers. Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually (discussed below) can typically be recognized as members of this division by gross similarity to others, by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basidiomycota Orders
Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: agarics, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and ''Cryptococcus'', the human pathogenic yeast. Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores. However, some Basidiomycota are obligate asexual reproducers. Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually (discussed below) can typically be recognized as members of this division by gross similarity to others, by the forma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
