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Gap Junction Protein
Gap junction proteins ;Gap junction α (GJA) proteins * GJA1, Cx43, gap junction alpha-1 protein * GJA2, Cx38, gap junction alpha-2 protein * GJA3, Cx46, gap junction alpha-3 protein * GJA4, Cx37, gap junction alpha-4 protein * GJA5, Cx40, gap junction alpha-5 protein * GJA6, Cx33 gap junction alpha-6 protein * GJA7, Cx44.3-45.6, gap junction alpha-7 protein * GJA8, Cx50, gap junction alpha-8 protein * GJA9, Cx58, gap junction alpha-9 protein * GJA10, Cx62, gap junction alpha-10 protein * GJA11, Cx59, gap junction alpha-11 protein * GJA12, Cx46.6, gap junction alpha-12 protein ;Gap junction β (GJB) proteins * GJB1, Cx32, gap junction beta-1 protein * GJB2, Cx26, gap junction beta-2 protein * GJB3, Cx31, gap junction beta-3 protein * GJB4, Cx30.3, gap junction beta-4 protein * GJB5, Cx31.1, gap junction beta-5 protein * GJB6 Gap junction beta-6 protein (GJB6), also known as connexin 30 (Cx30) — is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJB6'' gene. Connexin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gap Junction
Gap junctions are membrane channels between adjacent cells that allow the direct exchange of cytoplasmic substances, such small molecules, substrates, and metabolites. Gap junctions were first described as ''close appositions'' alongside tight junctions, however, electron microscopy studies in 1967 led to gap junctions being named as such to be distinguished from tight junctions. They bridge a 2-4 nm gap between cell membranes. Gap junctions use protein complexes known as connexons, composed of connexin proteins to connect one cell to another. Gap junction proteins include the more than 26 types of connexin, as well as at least 12 non-connexin components that make up the gap junction complex or ''nexus,'' including the tight junction protein ZO-1—a protein that holds membrane content together and adds structural clarity to a cell, sodium channels, and aquaporin. More gap junction proteins have become known due to the development of next-generation sequencing. Connexins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJB2
Gap junction beta-2 protein (GJB2), also known as connexin 26 (Cx26) — is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJB2'' gene. Function Gap junctions were first characterized by electron microscopy as regionally specialized structures on plasma membranes of contacting adherent cells. These structures were shown to consist of cell-to-cell channels. Proteins, called connexins, purified from fractions of enriched gap junctions from different tissues differ. The connexins are designated by their molecular mass. Another system of nomenclature divides gap junction proteins into two categories, alpha and beta, according to sequence similarities at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. For example, CX43 ( GJA1) is designated alpha-1 gap junction protein, whereas GJB1 (CX32), and GJB2 (CX26; this protein) are called beta-1 and beta-2 gap junction proteins, respectively. This nomenclature emphasizes that GJB1 and GJB2 are more homologous to each other than either of them is to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJD4
Gap junction delta-4 protein (GJD4), also known as connexin-40.1 (Cx40.1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJD4'' gene. Function Connexin Connexins (Cx)TC# 1.A.24, or gap junction proteins, are structurally related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions. An entirely different family of proteins, the innexins, forms gap junctions in invertebrates. Eac ...s, such as GJD4, are involved in the formation of gap junctions, intercellular conduits that directly connect the cytoplasms of contacting cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits. References {{Gene-10-stub Connexins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJD3
Gap junction delta-2 (GJD2), also known as connexin-36 (Cx36) or gap junction alpha-9 (GJA9), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJD2'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the large family of connexins that are required for the formation of gap junction Gap junctions are membrane channels between adjacent cells that allow the direct exchange of cytoplasmic substances, such small molecules, substrates, and metabolites. Gap junctions were first described as ''close appositions'' alongside tight ...s. Six connexin monomers form a hemichannel, or connexon, on the cell surface. This connexon can interact with a connexon from a neighboring cell, thus forming a channel linking the cytoplasm of the 2 cells. References Further reading * * * * * * * * {{gene-17-stub Connexins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJD2
Gap junction delta-2 protein (GJD2), also known as connexin-36 (Cx36) or gap junction alpha-9 protein (GJA9), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJD2'' gene. Function GJD2, also called connexin-36 (CX36), is a member of the connexin gene family that is expressed predominantly in mammalian neurons. Connexins associate in groups of 6 and are organized radially around a central pore to form connexons. Each gap junction intercellular channel is formed by the conjunction of 2 connexons. See GJB2 Gap junction beta-2 protein (GJB2), also known as connexin 26 (Cx26) — is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJB2'' gene. Function Gap junctions were first characterized by electron microscopy as regionally specialized structure ... for additional background information on connexins. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * External links * {{gene-15-stub Connexins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJC3
Gap junction gamma-3, also known as connexin-29 (Cx29) or gap junction epsilon-1 (GJE1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJC3'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei .... GJC3 is a conexin. Function This gene encodes a gap junction protein. The encoded protein is known as a connexin, most of which form gap junctions that provide direct connections between neighboring cells. However, Cx29, which is highly expressed in myelin-forming glial cells of the CNS and PNS, has not been documented to form gap junctions in any cell type. In both PNS and CNS myelinated axons, Cx29 is precisely colocalized with Kv1.2 voltage-gated K+ channels, where both proteins are concentrated in the juxtaparanode and along the inner mesaxon. By freeze-fracture immunogold l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJC2
Gap junction gamma-2 (GJC2), also known as connexin-46.6 (Cx46.6) and connexin-47 (Cx47) and gap junction alpha-12 (GJA12), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJC2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a gap junction protein. Gap junction proteins are members of a large family of homologous connexins and comprise 4 transmembrane, 2 extracellular, and 3 cytoplasmic domains. This gene plays a key role in central myelination and is involved in peripheral myelination Myelination, or myelinogenesis, is the formation and development of myelin sheaths in the nervous system, typically initiated in late prenatal neurodevelopment and continuing throughout postnatal development. The term ''myelinogenesis'' is also ... in humans. Clinical significance Homozygous or compound heterozygous defects in this gene are the cause of autosomal recessive Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease-1. Heterozygous missense mutations in this same gene cause pubertal onset hereditary lymphedem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJC1
Gap junction gamma-1 protein (GJC1), also known as gap junction alpha-7 protein (GJA7) and connexin 45 (Cx45) — is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJC1'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the connexin gene family. The encoded protein is a component of gap junction Gap junctions are membrane channels between adjacent cells that allow the direct exchange of cytoplasmic substances, such small molecules, substrates, and metabolites. Gap junctions were first described as ''close appositions'' alongside tight ...s, which are composed of arrays of intercellular channels that provide a route for the diffusion of low molecular weight materials from cell to cell. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been described. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * * Connexins {{gene-17-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJB7
Gap junction beta-7 protein (GJB7), also known as connexin-25 (Cx25), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJB7'' gene. Function Connexin Connexins (Cx)TC# 1.A.24, or gap junction proteins, are structurally related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions. An entirely different family of proteins, the innexins, forms gap junctions in invertebrates. Eac ...s, such as GJB7, are involved in the formation of gap junctions, intercellular conduits that directly connect the cytoplasms of contacting cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits. References {{Gene-6-stub Connexins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJB6
Gap junction beta-6 protein (GJB6), also known as connexin 30 (Cx30) — is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJB6'' gene. Connexin 30 (Cx30) is one of several gap junction proteins expressed in the inner ear. Mutations in gap junction genes have been found to lead to both syndromic and nonsyndromic deafness. Mutations in this gene are associated with Clouston syndrome (i.e., hydrotic ectodermal dysplasia). Function The connexin gene family codes for the protein subunits of gap junction channels that mediate direct diffusion of ions and metabolites between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Connexins span the plasma membrane 4 times, with amino- and carboxy-terminal regions facing the cytoplasm. Connexin genes are expressed in a cell type-specific manner with overlapping specificity. The gap junction channels have unique properties depending on the type of connexins constituting the channel. upplied by OMIMref name="entrez"/> Connexin 30 is prevalent in the two di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GJB5
Gap junction beta-5 protein (GJB5), also known as connexin-31.1 (Cx31.1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GJB5'' gene. Function Gap junctions are conduits that allow the direct cell-to-cell passage of small cytoplasmic molecules, including ions, metabolic intermediates, and second messengers, and thereby mediate intercellular metabolic and electrical communication. Gap junction channels consist of connexin Connexins (Cx)TC# 1.A.24, or gap junction proteins, are structurally related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions. An entirely different family of proteins, the innexins, forms gap junctions in invertebrates. Eac ... protein subunits, which are encoded by a multigene family. References Further reading * * {{gene-1-stub Connexins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
