|
GLONASS-M
GLONASS-M (), also known as Uragan-M () (GRAU index 11F654M given to the first two pilot satellites and 14F113 to the rest) are the second generation of Uragan satellite design used as part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by ISS Reshetnev (Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev), it had its debut launch in 2003, and is in the process of being phased out. Its production finished in 2015 and its last launch was in November 2022. It is an evolution of the previous Uragan (GRAU Index 11F654) second-generation satellites, improving accuracy, increasing power, extending the design life and adding the FDMA L2OF open signal. The last eight Glonass-M spacecraft in production included the new CDMA L3OC open signal. Design It used a 3-axis stabilized pressurized bus with two solar panels, a propulsion module and a payload module. At these are just heavier than the previous generation, but have 25% more power 1250 W, 230% more design life (7 ye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GLONASS
GLONASS (, ; ) is a Russian satellite navigation system operating as part of a radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to Global Positioning System (GPS) and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision. Satellite navigation devices supporting both GPS and GLONASS have more satellites available, meaning positions can be fixed more quickly and accurately, especially in built-up areas where buildings may obscure the view to some satellites. Owing to its higher orbital inclination, GLONASS supplementation of GPS systems also improves positioning in high latitudes (near the poles). Development of GLONASS began in the Soviet Union in 1976. Beginning on 12 October 1982, numerous rocket launches added satellites to the system until the completion of the Satellite constellation, constellation in 1995. In 2001, after a decline in capacity during the late 1990s, the restoration of the system was made a government p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GLONASS-K
GLONASS-K is the latest satellite design intended as a part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by ISS Reshetnev (Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev) and first launched on 26 February 2011, it is a substantial improvement of the previous GLONASS-M second-generation satellites, having a longer lifespan and better accuracy. History The ''Federal Targeted Program "Global Navigation System" 2002–2011'', introduced in 2001, stipulated the development of a third-generation navigation satellite design, called GLONASS-K, as part of the overall GLONASS upgrade program in the time frame 2005–2011. The new satellite followed the second generation GLONASS-M, introduced in 2003. The Roscosmos initially ordered 27 GLONASS-K satellites from ISS Reshetnev, the developer of all the previous GLONASS satellites. On 7 December 2010, the company announced it had completed ground tests of the first GLONASS-K satellite. The satellite was launched to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GLONASS (satellite)
GLONASS (), also known as Uragan () (GRAU Index 11F654) are the first generation of Uragan satellite used as part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems, it had its debut launch on 12 October 1982, with the last launched unit on 25 December 2005 and the retirement of the last unit Kosmos 2403 on 30 April 2009. It has been superseded by the GLONASS-M (GRAU Index 11F654M), the second-generation satellites. Design It used a 3-axis stabilized pressurized bus with two solar panels, a propulsion module and a payload module. It weighs generates 1000W of power and had a limited design life of 3 years, but it was extended to 5 years in later models. It had a strict requirement of keeping the internal temperature at ±1 °C. The previous design used an embedded liquid cooling system that weighted . The Uragan implemented a gaseous cooling system that put most of the heat generating parts on the outside ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kosmos 2404
Kosmos 2404 ( meaning ''Cosmos 2404'') is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2003 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2402 and Kosmos 2403. This satellite is the first GLONASS-M satellite, also known as Uragan-M. It was assigned GLONASS-M No.11L number by the manufacturer and 701 by the Ground Control. Kosmos 2402 / 2403 / 2404 were launched from Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. A Proton-K carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 17:42 UTC on 10 December 2003. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the International Designator 2003-056A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 28112. It was in the first orbital plane in orbital slot 6. It is no longer part of the GLONASS constellation.· See also * List of Kosmos satel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kosmos 2382
Kosmos 2382 ( meaning ''Cosmos 2382'') is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2001 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2380 and Kosmos 2381. This satellite is a first generation GLONASS satellite with new flight control and power systems. It was incorrectly named Uragan-M in a RIA Novosti news message issued days before the launch. When contacted by Novosti Kosmonavtiki magazine Roscosmos spokesman said all three launched satellites were first generation versions but one of them featured new upgraded flight control and power systems. Its official design life time was 5 years, up from 3 years for the most numerous Block IIv first generation satellites. It was assigned GLONASS №11L number by the manufacturer and 711 by the Ground Control. Kosmos 2380/1/2 were launched from Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. A Proton-K carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Briz-M
The Briz-K, Briz-KM and Briz-M ( meaning ''Breeze-K, KM and M'') are Russian liquid-propellant rocket orbit insertion upper stages manufactured by Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center and used on the Proton-M and Angara A5. The upper stages were also used on Rokot, one of Russia's smaller launchers, before its retirement in 2019. Characteristics Briz-K and Briz-KM Briz-K, GRAU index 14S12, is a single-piece structure with a conical tank compartment and the engine located in a recess in the fuel tank. Briz-KM (GRAU index 14S45) is an improved version of Briz-K. The Briz-K and Briz-KM were used as a third stage of the Rokot launch vehicles. Briz-M Briz-M, GRAU index 14S43, is designed for injecting large payloads into a low, medium-height or high geosynchronous orbit. Briz-M is a twin upper stage consisting of a core module (using Briz-KM as the baseline) and a jettisonable add-on toroidal tank surrounding the core. It is powered by a pump-fed gimballed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kosmos 2464
Kosmos 2464 ( meaning ''Cosmos 2464'') is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2010 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2465 and Kosmos 2466. This satellite is a GLONASS-M satellite, also known as Uragan-M, and is numbered Uragan-M No. 736. Kosmos 2464/5/6 were launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81, Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. A Proton-M carrier rocket with a Blok D, Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 05:49 UTC on 2 September 2010. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos (satellite), Kosmos designation, and the international designator 2010-041C. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 27139. It is in the second orbital plane of the GLONASS constellation, in orbital slot 9. It started operations on 4 October 2010. See also *List of Kosmos satellites ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
K1839
К1839 is a microprocessor chipset developed between 1984 and 1989 at the Angstrem Research Institute by the same team that developed the 1801BMx series of CPUs. It was the first Soviet, and later the first Russian 32-bit microprocessor system. From a programmer's point of view, it was a complete replica of the VAX 11/750 Comet and unlike the MicroVAX microprocessors produced by DEC, it included floating-point arithmetic. The chipset included a processor, a coprocessor for integer and floating-point arithmetic, a memory controller, and a bus adapter. It was fabricated in a 3 μm process. The Electronika-32 computer and a VAX-PC board were built based on this chipset, as well as the aerospace on-board digital computer SB3541 (developed by LNPOEA - OKB "Electroavtomatika", St. Petersburg). The 1839 chipset is still in production, and is used in the control systems of the GLONASS-M satellites. The processor had external microprogram control. In other words, in addition to the CPU, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TASS
The Russian News Agency TASS, or simply TASS, is a Russian state-owned news agency founded in 1904. It is the largest Russian news agency and one of the largest news agencies worldwide. TASS is registered as a Federal State Unitary Enterprise, owned by the government of Russia. Headquartered in Moscow, it has 70 offices in Russia and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), "along with 56 global branches in 53 countries". In the Soviet period, it was named the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union () and was the central agency of the Soviet government for news collection and distribution for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was renamed Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (ITAR-TASS) () in 1992, but reverted to the simpler TASS name in 2014. Currently, on a daily basis TASS is "publishing nearly 3,000 news items in six languages and about 700 photographs and videos from correspondents in Russia and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiation Hardening
Radiation hardening is the process of making electronic components and circuits resistant to damage or malfunction caused by high levels of ionizing radiation (particle radiation and high-energy electromagnetic radiation), especially for environments in outer space (especially beyond low Earth orbit), around nuclear reactors and particle accelerators, or during nuclear accidents or nuclear warfare. Most Semiconductor device, semiconductor electronic components are susceptible to radiation damage, and radiation-hardened (rad-hard) components are based on their non-hardened equivalents, with some design and manufacturing variations that reduce the susceptibility to radiation damage. Due to the low demand and the extensive development and testing required to produce a radiation-tolerant design of a microelectronics, microelectronic chip, the technology of radiation-hardened chips tends to lag behind the most recent developments. They also typically cost more than their commercial cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Traffic In Arms Regulations
International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) is a set of U.S. Department of State regulations that control the export of defense and military technologies to safeguard national security and further its foreign policy objectives. Overview The United States government has adopted two types of regulations to control exports of military-relevant items: ITAR, which cover weapons and defense articles specifically (such as missiles); and the Export Administration Regulations, which cover items that may have uses in defense articles (such as a radar component used in a certain missile). Defense-related articles and services on the United States Munitions List (USML) are covered by the ITAR, which implement the provisions of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), and are described in Title 22 (Foreign Relations), Chapter I (Department of State), Subchapter M of the Code of Federal Regulations. The Department of State Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) interprets and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
