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Fundamental Point
The term fundamental station is used for special observatories which combine several space positioning techniques like VLBI, satellite laser ranging, GPS, Glonass, etc. They are the basis of plate tectonic analysis, allowing the monitoring of continental drift rates with millimetre accuracies. A fundamental point is the geometric origin of a geodetic network and defines the geodetic datum of a national survey. Some fundamental stations are an astronomical or satellite geodetic observatory. The geographic latitude and longitude of the station is precisely determined by methods of astrogeodesy and is chosen as ellipsoidal latitude and longitude at the Earth ellipsoid which is used to calculate the coordinates of the whole network. Also, precise azimuths to one or two network points are observed, and are taken over as orientated directions of these network lines. By these procedures, the polar axis of the reference ellipsoid becomes parallel to the Earth rotation axis, and therefore ...
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Space
Space is a three-dimensional continuum containing positions and directions. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions. Modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as '' spacetime''. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework. In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are non-Euclidean, in which space is conceived as '' curved'', rather than '' flat'', as in the Euclidean space. According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a bet ...
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Earth Rotation
Earth's rotation or Earth's spin is the rotation of planet Earth around its own Rotation around a fixed axis, axis, as well as changes in the orientation (geometry), orientation of the rotation axis in space. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion. As viewed from the northern polar star Polaris, Earth turns counterclockwise. The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from Earth's north magnetic pole. The South Pole is the other point where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in Antarctica. Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to other distant stars (#Stellar and sidereal day, see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal acceleration, tidal effects ...
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Coordinate System
In geometry, a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine and standardize the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space. The coordinates are not interchangeable; they are commonly distinguished by their position in an ordered tuple, or by a label, such as in "the ''x''-coordinate". The coordinates are taken to be real numbers in elementary mathematics, but may be complex numbers or elements of a more abstract system such as a commutative ring. The use of a coordinate system allows problems in geometry to be translated into problems about numbers and ''vice versa''; this is the basis of analytic geometry. Common coordinate systems Number line The simplest example of a coordinate system is the identification of points on a line with real numbers using the '' number line''. In this system, an arbitrary point ''O'' (the ''origin'') is chosen on a given line. The coordinate o ...
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Commonwealth Of Independent States
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional organization, regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It covers an area of and has an estimated population of 246,200,194. The CIS encourages cooperation in economic, political, and military affairs and has certain powers relating to the coordination of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security, including cross-border crime prevention. As the Soviet Union disintegrated, Byelorussian SSR, Belarus, Russian SFSR, Russia, and Ukrainian SSR, Ukraine signed the Belovezha Accords on 8 December 1991, declaring that the Union had effectively ceased to exist and proclaimed the CIS in its place. On 21 December, the Alma-Ata Protocol was signed, but Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania chose not to participate. Georgia (country), Georgia withdrew its membership in 2008 following Russo-Georgian War, a war with Russia. Ukraine f ...
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Yatharagga
Yatharagga is an area associated with a homestead in the mid west of Western Australia (WA) near Yarragadee Station. It is located about north-west of Mingenew and about south-east of Geraldton. The area is also associated with two Australian Earth stations with space related tracking systems at the West Australian Space Centre. Homestead The Yatharagga is a ''homestead'' listed by the Gazetteer of Australia. Yatharagga Satellite Station ''Yatharagga Satellite Station'' also known as ''West Australian Space Centre'' is owned and run by the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC)'s subsidiary SSC Space Australia, and services a number of government agencies and commercial organisations. It commenced operations under SSC in 2012. MOBLAS 5 Satellite Laser Ranging Station Near the homestead is a facility ''MOBLAS 5 Satellite Laser Ranging'' (SLR) station originally established by an agreement between the United States of America and Australia effective 27 June 1978 to establish ...
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Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory
The Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO) is a radio astronomy observatory, located in a natural bowl of hills at Hartebeesthoek just south of the Magaliesberg mountain range, and about 50 km west of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. It is a National Research Facility run by South Africa's National Research Foundation of South Africa, National Research Foundation. HartRAO was the only major radio astronomy observatory in Africa until the construction of the KAT-7 test bed for the future MeerKAT array in the Meerkat National Park. History The observatory was originally named Deep Space Station 51 (DSS 51) and was built in 1961 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In this role the station assisted in tracking many unmanned United States space missions, including the Ranger program, Ranger, Surveyor program, Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter program, Lunar Orbiter spacecraft (which landed on the Moon or mapped it from orbit), the Mariner missio ...
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Goddard Space Flight Center
The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory located approximately northeast of Washington, D.C., in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States. Established on May 1, 1959, as NASA's first space flight center, GSFC employs about 10,000 civil servants and contractors. Named for American rocket propulsion pioneer Robert H. Goddard, it is one of ten major NASA field centers. GSFC is partially within the former Goddard, Maryland, Goddard census-designated place; it has a Greenbelt, Maryland, Greenbelt mailing address.CENSUS 2000 BLOCK MAP: GODDARD CDP
(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 1, 2018. 1990 Census map of Prince George's County

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Zimmerwald Observatory
The Zimmerwald Observatory () is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the AIUB, the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern. Built in 1956, it is located at Zimmerwald, 10 kilometers south of Bern, Switzerland. Numerous comets and asteroids have been discovered by Paul Wild (1925–2014) at Zimmerwald Observatory, most notably comet 81P/Wild, which was visited by NASA's Stardust space probe in 2004. The main belt asteroid 1775 Zimmerwald has been named after the location of the observatory. The 1-meter aperture ZIMLAT telescope was inaugurated in 1997. See also * List of largest optical reflecting telescopes This list of the largest optical reflecting telescopes with Objective (optics), objective diameters of or greater is sorted by aperture, which is a measure of the light-gathering power and resolution of a reflecting telescope. The mirrors themse ... * Swiss Space Office References External links Zimmerwald Observatory Astronomical ob ...
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Geodetic Observatory Wettzell
The Geodetic Observatory Wettzell is located atop the 616 meter-high mountain Wagnerberg, west of the village Wettzell in the Germany, German Cham (district), district Cham in the Bavarian Forest. Tasks It is operated for the purpose of geodesy by the Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy together with the Technical University of Munich and is today one of the most important Geodesy, geodetic Observatory, observatories in the world. As observing station, the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell has the task of gathering measuring data for the geodetic space techniques Very-long-baseline interferometry, VLBI, Satellite laser ranging, SLR, Satellite navigation, GNSS and DORIS (geodesy), DORIS. These data are used for realizing global Spatial reference system, coordinate reference systems that form the basis for numerous issues in the field of geosciences (e.g. continental drift, sea level rise), in aerospace, but also in areas of everyday life (e.g. surveying, navigation). These g ...
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Metsähovi Radio Observatory
The Metsähovi Radio Observatory is an astronomical observatory in Finland, affiliated with the Aalto University. Its main premises are in Metsähovi, Kirkkonummi, 35 kilometers west of the university's Otaniemi campus. The observatory currently operates a diameter radio telescope, and has an array of four dishes to serve as a compact interferometer called the 'Metsähovi Compact Array', as well as several smaller radio telescopes and instruments. The observatory is staffed by some 20 researchers, engineers, and students, mostly from Aalto University and the Finnish Centre for Astronomy with the ESO. The observatory has been operational since 1974 and active in the fields of: *Fundamental research in radio astronomy *Development of instruments needed in radio astronomy *Development of methods for radio astronomical measurements *Applied scientific computing *Space research *Education The current research focuses on variable quasars, active galaxies, solar observation ...
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Onsala Space Observatory
Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy, provides scientists with equipment to study the Earth and the rest of the Universe. The observatory operates two radio telescopes in Onsala, 45 km south of Gothenburg, and takes part in several international projects. Examples of activities: * The 20 and 25 m telescopes in Onsala: Studies of the birth and death of stars, and of molecules in the Milky Way and other galaxies. * LOFAR station: The Swedish station in the international radio telescope LOFAR is located at the observatory. * VLBI: Telescopes in different countries are linked together for better resolution ("sharper images"). * ALMA, e-VLBI, Herschel Space Observatory, SKA: Developing and using new radio astronomical facilities. * APEX: Radio telescope in Chile for sub-millimetre waves. Research about everything from planets to the structure of the Universe. * Odin: Satellite for studies of, e.g., the Earth's atmosphere and molecular cl ...
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Herstmonceux Castle
Herstmonceux Castle is a brick-built castle, dating from the 15th century, near Herstmonceux, East Sussex, England. It is one of the oldest significant brick buildings still standing in England. The castle was renowned for being one of the first buildings to use that material in England, and was built using bricks taken from the local clay, by builders from Flanders. It dates from 1441. Construction began under the then-owner, Roger Fiennes, Sir Roger Fiennes, and was continued after his death in 1449 by his son, Richard Fiennes, 7th Baron Dacre, Lord Dacre. The castle was gifted to Queen's University at Kingston, a Canadian university, in 1993 by Alfred and Isabel Bader. The parks and gardens of Herstmonceux Castle and Place are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England, Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. Other listed structures on the Herstmonceux estate include the Grade II listed walled garden to the north ...
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