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Fuchsia Gall Mite
''Aculops fuchsiae'', commonly known as fuchsia gall mite, is a species of mite in the family Eriophyidae. It feeds on ''Fuchsia'' plants, causing distortion of growing shoots and flowers. It is regarded as a horticultural pest. Description ''Aculops fuchsiae'' is too small to be seen with the naked eye; female adult mites are between long and wide, with males slightly smaller. It is white or pale yellow in colour and has a wormlike or spindle-like body shape, with two anterior (front) pairs of legs. Biology ''Aculops fuchsiae'' is host specific and the only eriophyid mite known to attack ''Fuchsia''. It feeds on the shoot tips, where it sucks sap. It produces chemicals that interfere with the plant's normal growth, which instead becomes a distorted mass of reddish-pink or yellowish green tissue. There are several generations between late spring and autumn; the life cycle takes about 21 days at 18°C. There are four life stages: egg, larva, nymph and adult. Eggs take between 4 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hartford H Keifer
Hartford Hammond Keifer (24 January 1902 – 20 August 1986) was a world authority on eriophyid mites. Based in California, he initially studied the local microlepidoptera before turning to mites in 1937. Personal life Keifer was born 1902 in Oroville, California, to John McCarl Keifer (1861–1928) and Elizabeth Burt (née Leggett; 1863–1922). As a child he had an interest in natural history and insects, and was encouraged by an aunt, Dr. Cordelia Burt Leggett. From 1920 to 1924, he attended the University of California, Berkeley and gained a Bachelor of Science degree in entomology. He married Mary Isabelle (née Ost; 1906–1990) in August 1928 and moved to Sacramento to work at the California State Department of Agriculture. Biography After graduation, Keifer worked for the Forest Service before accepting a position as an assistant to the curator at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco where he mounted and labelled a backlog of material. In 1925 he joined the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fuchsia Magellanica
''Fuchsia magellanica'' – commonly known as the hummingbird fuchsia, hardy fuchsia or chilco (from "watery") – is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family (botany), family Onagraceae, native to the lower Southern Cone of southern South America. Description This sub-shrub with long, arcuate stems can grow to in height and width in frost-free climates, and where colder.Its leaves grow in whorls of 3-4 per node or sometimes opposite, are ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-6 cm long, and 1-2 cm wide, with serrate margins and petioles 0.5-1 cm long. The plant blossoms profusely over a long period with many small and tubular pendent flowers, in brilliant shades of red and purple, softer shades of pink and lavender, and some in white. The perfect flowers are axillary and pendent, with peduncles 3-4.5 cm long, a magenta floral tube 10-13 mm long, magenta sepals 20-25 mm long, and dark purple petals 10-13 mm long that become convolute after anthesis. The stamens are exs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animals Described In 1972
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia (). With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described, of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from to . They have complex ecologies and interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology, and the study of animal behaviour is known as ethology. The animal kingdom is divided into five major clades, namely Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa, Cn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arachnids Of South America
Arachnids are arthropods in the class Arachnida () of the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegaroons. Adult arachnids have eight legs attached to the cephalothorax. In some species the frontmost pair of legs has converted to a sensory function, while in others, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs. Almost all extant arachnids are terrestrial, living mainly on land. However, some inhabit freshwater environments and, with the exception of the pelagic zone, marine environments as well. They comprise over 110,000 named species, of which 51,000 are species of spiders. The term is derived from the Greek word (''aráchnē'', 'spider'), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver Arachne, who was turned into a spider. Morphology Almost all adult arachnids have eight legs, unlike adult insects which all ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amblyseius Californicus
''Neoseiulus californicus'' is a predatory mite that feeds on Tetranychid mites. This species was first described on lemons from California under the name ''Typhlodromus californicus'' in 1954. Description The mite 0.04 mm long is pinkish red to pale white color with six legs. Males are smaller than females. The larvae are translucent. Females lay 2-4 eggs a day. Eggs take 1.5–4 days to hatch depending on temperatures. The adult female mites have the strongest ability to endure starvation, with an average survival time of about 8.16 days on just water while maintaining the ability to lay eggs, although in fewer quantities. Distribution This species has been found in the United States (California, Texas, Florida), Chile, Argentina, Japan, South Africa, parts of southern Europe, and all along the border of the Mediterranean Sea on fruit and vegetable crops. Pest control ''Neoseiulus californicus'' is used to control the twospotted spider mite (''Tetranychus urticae''), cyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Pest Control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or plants by using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. There are three basic strategies for biological control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative (conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment. Natural enemies of insects play an important part in limiting the densities of potential pests. Biological control agents such as these include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acephate
Acephate is an organophosphate foliar and soil insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity of about 10–15 days at the recommended use rate. It is used primarily for control of aphids, including resistant species, in vegetables (e.g. potatoes, carrots, greenhouse tomatoes, and lettuce) and in horticulture (e.g. on roses and greenhouse ornamentals). It also controls leaf miners, caterpillars, sawflies, thrips, and spider mites in the previously stated crops as well as turf, and forestry. By direct application to mounds, it is effective in destroying imported fire ants. Acephate is sold as a soluble powder, as emulsifiable concentrates, as pressurized aerosol, and in tree injection systems and granular formulations. As of 2012, the EPA no longer allows the usage of acephate on green beans grown in the United States. Toxicology It is considered non- phytotoxic on many crop plants. Acephate and its primary metabolite, methamidophos, are toxic to ''Heliothis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horticultural Oil
Horticultural oils are refined petroleum fractions ( mineral oils) widely used as insecticides. They are used against various insects (aphids, mites, beetle larvae, leaf miners, thrips, leafhopper, whitefly, scale) on fruit, vegetable and other crops, as well as against powdery mildew. They are approved for use in organic farming under the U.S. National Organic Program. Mode of action Mineral oils were long believed to act by blocking the spiracles of the insect and thus causing suffocation. However recently several additional effects were described. IRAC categorises mineral oil in group UNM (non-specific mechanical and physical disruptors). Resistance to mineral oil has never been observed. Manufacture and purity Horticultural oils are prepared from crude petroleum fractions by distillation and various chemical processes. This removes or hydrogenates the unsaturated (alkene and aromatic) molecules, which cause plant damage ( phytotoxicity), and delivers the C20-C25 fractions, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insecticidal Soap
Insecticidal soap is used to control many plant insect pests. Soap has been used for more than 200 years as an insect control. Because insecticidal soap works on direct contact with pests via the disruption of cell membranes when the insect is penetrated with fatty acids, the insect's cells leak their contents causing the insect to dehydrate and die. Insecticidal soap is sprayed on plants until the entire plant is saturated because the insecticidal properties of the soap occurs when the solution is wet. Soaps have a low mammalian toxicity and are therefore considered safe to be used around children and pets, and may be used in organic farming. Composition Insecticidal soap's active ingredient is most often a potassium salt of fatty acids. Insecticidal soap should be based on long-chain fatty acids (10–18 carbon atoms) because shorter-chain fatty acids tend to be damaging for the plant (phytotoxicity). Short (8-carbon) fatty-acid chains occur for example in coconut oil and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirodiclofen
Spirodiclofen is an acaricide and insecticide used in agriculture to control mites and San Jose scale. In the United States, it is used on citrus, grapes, pome fruit, stone fruit, and tree nut crops. Spirodiclofen belongs to the tetronic acid class and acts by inhibiting lipid biosynthesis, specifically acetyl CoA carboxylase, and is in IRAC IRAC ( ) is an acronym that generally stands for: Issue, Rule, Application, and Conclusion. It functions as a methodology for legal analysis. The IRAC format is mostly used in hypothetical questions in law school and bar exams. Sections of an IR ... group 23. References {{reflist Acaricides Insecticides Spiro compounds Chloroarenes Gamma-lactones ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abamectin
Abamectin (also called avermectin B1) is a widely used insecticide and anthelmintic. Abamectin, is a member of the avermectin family and is a natural fermentation product of soil dwelling actinomycete '' Streptomyces avermitilis''. Abamectin differs from ivermectin, the popular member of the avermectin family, by a double bond between carbons 22 and 23. Fermentation of '' Streptomyces avermitilis'' yields eight closely related avermectin homologs, with the B1a and B1b forms comprising the majority of the fermentation. The non-proprietary name, abamectin, refers to a mixture of B1a (~80%) and B1b (~20%). Out of all the avermectins, abamectin is the only one that is used both in agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Mode of action Avermectins bind to the glutamate-gated chloride channels that are found in invertebrate nerve and muscle cells. They cause hyperpolarization of these cells resulting in paralysis and death. Mammals only possess glutamate-gated chloride channels in the brain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cultivar
A cultivar is a kind of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and which retains those traits when Plant propagation, propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, micropropagation, tissue culture, or carefully controlled seed production. Most cultivars arise from deliberate human genetic engineering, manipulation, but some originate from wild plants that have distinctive characteristics. Cultivar names are chosen according to rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and not all cultivated plants qualify as cultivars. Horticulturists generally believe the word ''cultivar''''Cultivar'' () has two meanings, as explained in ''#Formal definition, Formal definition'': it is a classification category and a taxonomic unit within the category. When referring to a taxon, the word does not apply to an individual plant but to all plants t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
