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French School Wars
The French School Wars between 1900 and 1910 were political and social controversies over the role of religion in Education in France, French education and centred on the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, law separating Church and state. The Morizot affair surfaced in 1907 after a teacher was charged with making Antireligion, anti-religious comments. The government, feeling the pressure from the ''Ligue de l'enseignement'', introduced a bill to exempt schoolteachers from Tribunal judiciaire (France), civil courts and fine families who declined to teach their children secular morality, secular ethics. The Catholic Church swiftly reacted; in its September 1908 declaration, the Assemblée plénière de l'épiscopat français, French episcopate challenged the new legislation and reaffirmed families' right to regulate the education provided in public schools. In the months that followed, the French cardinals, led by the intransigent Rafael Merry del Val, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rafael Merry Del Val3
Rafael may refer to: * Rafael (given name) or Raphael, a name of Hebrew origin * Rafael, California Fiction * ''Rafael'' (TV series), a Mexican telenovela * ''Rafaël'' (film), a 2018 Dutch film People * Rafael (footballer, born 1978) (Rafael Pires Vieira), Brazilian football striker * Rafael (footballer, born 1979) (Rafael da Silva Santos), Brazilian football defender * Rafael (footballer, born 1980) (Rafael Pereira da Silva), Brazilian football right-back * Rafael (footballer, born March 1982) (Rafael de Andrade Bittencourt Pinheiro), Brazilian football goalkeeper * Rafael (footballer, born August 1982) (Rafael dos Santos Silva), Brazilian football striker * Rafael (footballer, born 1984) (Alberto Rafael da Silva), Brazilian football goalkeeper * Rafael (footballer, born 1986) (Rafael Diego de Souza), Brazilian football centre-back * Rafael (footballer, born 1987) (Rafael da Silva Gomes), Brazilian footballer * Rafael (footballer, born 1989) (Rafael Pires Monteiro), Br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallicanism
Gallicanism is the belief that popular secular authority—often represented by the monarch's or the state's authority—over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the pope. Gallicanism is a rejection of ultramontanism; it has something in common with Anglicanism, but is nuanced, in that it plays down the authority of the Pope in church without denying that there are some authoritative elements to the office associated with being ('first among equals'). Other terms for the same or similar doctrines include Erastianism, Regalism, Febronianism, and Josephinism. Gallicanism originated in France (the term derives from , the Latin name of Gaul), and is unrelated to the first-millennium Catholic Gallican Rite. In the 18th century, it spread to the Low Countries, especially the Netherlands. The University of Notre Dame professor John McGreevy defines it as "the notion that national customs might trump Roman (Catholic Church) regulations."''Catholicism and American Freedom, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jules Ferry
Jules François Camille Ferry (; 5 April 183217 March 1893) was a French statesman and republican philosopher. He was one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republicans, Moderate Republicans and served as Prime Minister of France from 1880 to 1881 and 1883 to 1885. He was a promoter of Secularism in France, laicism and colonial expansion. Under the French Third Republic, Third Republic, Ferry made primary education free and compulsory through several Jules Ferry laws, new laws. However, he was forced to resign following the Sino-French War in 1885 due to his unpopularity and public opinion against the war. Biography Early life and family Ferry was born in France, in the Vosges (department), Vosges department, to Charles-Édouard Ferry, a lawyer from a family that had established itself in Saint-Dié as Bellfounding, bellmakers, and Adélaïde Jamelet. His paternal grandfather, François-Joseph Ferry, was mayor of Saint-Dié through the Consulate (France), Consulate and the First ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antimilitarism
Antimilitarism (also spelt anti-militarism) is a doctrine that opposes war, relying heavily on a critical theory of imperialism and was an explicit goal of the First and Second International. Whereas pacifism is the doctrine that disputes (especially between countries) should be settled without recourse to violence, Paul B. Miller defines anti-militarism as "ideology and activities...aimed at reducing the civil power of the military and ultimately, preventing international war". Cynthia Cockburn defines an anti-militarist movement as one opposed to " military rule, high military expenditure or the imposition of foreign bases in their country". Martin Ceadel points out that anti-militarism is sometimes equated with pacificism—general opposition to war or violence, except in cases where force is deemed necessary to advance the cause of peace.Martin Ceadel, ''Thinking about peace and war''. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987. , p. 101. Distinction between antimilitarism and p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialism
Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes the Economic ideology, economic, Political philosophy, political, and Social theory, social theories and Political movement, movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can take various forms, including State ownership, public, Community ownership, community, Collective ownership, collective, cooperative, or Employee stock ownership, employee.: "Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State School
A state school, public school, or government school is a primary school, primary or secondary school that educates all students without charge. They are funded in whole or in part by taxation and operated by the government of the state. State-funded schools are global with each country showcasing distinct structures and curricula. Government-funded education spans from primary to secondary levels, covering ages 4 to 18. Alternatives to this system include homeschooling, Private school, private schools, Charter school, charter schools, and other educational options. By region and country Africa South Africa In South Africa, a state school or government school refers to a school that is state-controlled. These are officially called public schools according to the South African Schools Act of 1996, but it is a term that is not used colloquially. The Act recognised two categories of schools: public and independent. Independent schools include all private schools and schools t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Religious Association
The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State instituted in France (at the time without the Alsace-Lorraine, where the law does not apply) of religious associations also say ''parochial'' or sometimes in some churches, ''presbyteries,'' and even today ''Islamic associations.'' These associations are non-profit associations, according to the law in 1901, but with certain limitations: only object of worship and education of their ministers, only individual members (not Association member), minimum number of members etc.. and some benefits, including tax. History The 1905 law made it possible for the religious associations "to take care of their expenses, maintenance and public exercise of their religion" so they could perform all the missions previously performed only by the four religions recognized by the government constituted under the law of April 8, 1802 (The Catholic, the Lutheran and the Reformed Churches and the Jewish Synagogue). An independent legal e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Querelle Des Inventaires
The Inventory Controversy (''Querelle des Inventaires'') refers to a series of incidents across France following the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. This law required the inventory of church property as part of preparations for transferring it to newly created religious associations. The law was enacted in the context of widespread Catholic opposition to the secularization policies of the Third French Republic. Background Since the 1801 Concordat, church properties were managed by public establishments such as fabric councils and seminaries. The 1905 law dissolved these establishments and transferred church buildings to religious associations. To implement the transfer, the law mandated an inventory of all church property. The decree of 29 December 1905 formalized this requirement, though it was perceived by many as a "prelude to confiscation." On January 2, 1906, a government circular instructed officials to open tabernacles during inventori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy France, Vichy government. The French Third Republic was a parliamentary republic. The early days of the French Third Republic were dominated by political disruption caused by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, which the French Third Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870. Social upheaval and the Paris Commune preceded the final defeat. The German Empire, proclaimed by the invaders in Palace of Versailles, annexed the French regions of Alsace (keeping the ) and Lorraine (the northeastern part, i.e. present-day Moselle (department), department of Moselle). The early governments of the French Third Republic considered French Third Restoration, re-establi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vehementer Nos
''Vehementer Nos'' was a papal encyclical promulgated by Pope Pius X on 11 February 1906. He denounced the French 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State, law on the Separation of the Churches and the State enacted two months earlier. He condemned its unilateral abrogation of the Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon, Napoleon I and Pope Pius VII that had granted the Catholic Church a distinctive status and established a working relationship between the French government and the Holy See. The title of the document is taken from its opening words in Latin, which mean "Royal we, We with vehemence". Background Prior to the French Revolution of 1789, Roman Catholicism in France, Roman Catholicism had been the state religion of France, and closely identified with the ''Ancien régime, ancien regime''. During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (French Revolution), National Assembly had taken Church properties and issued the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France–Holy See Relations
Holy See–France relations are very ancient and have existed since the 5th century. They have been durable to the extent that France is sometimes called the ''eldest daughter of the Church'' (''fille aînée de l'Église'' in French). Areas of cooperation between Paris and the Holy See have traditionally included education, health care, the struggle against poverty and international diplomacy. Before the establishment of the welfare state, Church involvement was evident in many sectors of French society. Today, Paris's international peace initiatives are often in line with those of the Holy See, which favors dialogue on a global level. Early Middle Ages The first Council of Orléans officially sealed a long-lasting alliance between the papacy and the monarchy. The Carolingians strongly enforced these laws for centuries, but they often took it to themselves to name bishops and control church activities. Late Middle Ages The Gregorian reform was successfully imposed on France. Bon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-clericalism
Anti-clericalism is opposition to clergy, religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historically, anti-clericalism in Christian traditions has been opposed to the influence of Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, which seeks to separation of church and state, separate the church from public and political life. Some have opposed clergy on the basis of moral corruption, institutional issues and/or disagreements in religious interpretation, such as during the Protestant Reformation. Anti-clericalism became extremely violent during the French Revolution, because revolutionaries claimed the church played a pivotal role in the systems of oppression which led to it. Many clerics were killed, and French revolutionary governments tried to put priests under the control of the state by making them employees. Anti-clericalism appeared in Catholic Europe throughout the 19th century, in various forms, and later in Canada, Cuba, and Latin America. Accordi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
