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French Railway Signalling
The current French railway signalling system is in force on the Réseau Ferré de France (now SNCF Réseau) since 1930, when the ''code Verlant'' was applied. History Historically, each private railway company designed and used its own signals. However, during the First World War the interpenetration of trains between networks had increased, so that it became necessary to create a new unified signals specification. A commission was set up in May 1926, directed by Eugène Verlant of the PLM. The Verlant commission submitted its report at the end of 1927. The new code of signals received the approval of the Ministry of Public Labour on 1 August 1930. Conversion to the Verlant code was completed only at the end of 1936, except on the network of Alsace-Lorraine where it was completed later, because of the unusual pre-existing signalling. The Verlant code was very innovative, based on simple principles: * Mainly based on color light signalling, which thereafter simplified the installa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Réseau Ferré De France
Réseau ferré de France (RFF, french: French Rail Network) was a French company which owned and maintained the French national railway network from 1997 to 2014. The company was formed with the rail assets of SNCF in 1997. Afterwards, the trains were operated by the SNCF, the national railway company, but due to European Union Directive 91/440, the Government of France was required to separate train operations from the railway infrastructure. On 1 January 2015, RFF became ''SNCF Réseau'', the operational assets of SNCF became ''SNCF Mobilités'', and both groups were placed under the control of SNCF. Unlike other infrastructure managers, RFF did not provide maintenance services or rail traffic control operations, which were both done by SNCF Infra on RFF's behalf. Furthermore, SNCF retained the ownership of stations. In September 2013, RFF had over €32 billion of debt. Overview The RFF was constituted with SNCF's infrastructure assets, and debts were transferred from SNCF's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R30 F BAL F
R3, R.III or R-3 or R/3 may refer to: Aviation * Aviatik R.III, a German aircraft * DFW R.III, a World War I German bomber aircraft * Ross R-3 glider * Tupolev R-3 Soviet reconnaissance aircraft * Yakutia Airlines IATA airline designator Entertainment * BBC Radio 3, a radio operated by the BBC within the United Kingdom * ''R3'' (TV series), produced by the BBC between 1964 and 1965 * Region 3, the DVD region code for Southeast Asia, South Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan), Hong Kong, Macau * ''Resistance 3'', the third game in the ''Resistance'' series * ''R3'' (video game), a computer game for the Amiga series of computers in 1995 Military * Version of the German Rheintochter ground to air missile * R-3 (missile), the Vympel K-13, an air-to-air missile also known as R-3S in Soviet service * R-3 (tank), a proposed Romanian tank design for use in World War II * USS R-3 (SS-80), a 1919 R-class coastal and harbor defense submarine of the United States Navy Math and Science * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
VL A BAL F
VL and variants may refer to: * Daisy V/L, the first production rifle for caseless ammunition * Holden VL Commodore, an automobile introduced by Holden in 1986 *Air Via (IATA airline designator VL) * Valtion Lentokonetehtaat, the Finnish State aircraft manufacturer * Ventral lateral nucleus, a component of the thalamus in the central nervous system *'' Verbotene Liebe'', ("Forbidden Love"), a German soap opera *VL, Canadian data integration company (formerly Virtual Logistics Inc.) * Visceral leishmaniasis, an infectious disease *''Vlaanderen'', Dutch for Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium * Volume licensing, in which an organization pays once for many users in the organization to access copies of the same software product *Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward. Through time, Vulgar Latin would evolve into numerous Romance languages. Its literary c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buffer Stop
A buffer stop, bumper, bumping post, bumper block or stopblock (US), is a device to prevent railway vehicles from going past the end of a physical section of track. The design of the buffer stop is dependent, in part, on the kind of couplings that the railway uses, since the coupling gear is the first part of the vehicle that the buffer stop touches. The term "buffer stop" is of British origin, since railways in Great Britain principally use buffer-and-screw couplings between vehicles. Types Several different types of buffer stop have been developed. They differ depending on the type of coupler used and on the intended application. * Buffer stops with anticlimbers. These are particularly important for passenger railway applications, because the anticlimbers reduce the likelihood of telescoping of the railroad cars during a head-on impact. * Buffer stops for a knuckle coupler or an SA3 coupler (centrally positioned between the two rails) * Buffer stops with traditional ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Av A BAL F
Av (also Menachem Av, ; from Akkadian ''ʾAbū'' "father") is the eleventh month of the civil year and the fifth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. The name comes from Araḫ Abu, "month of Abu", from the Babylonian calendar. The name ''Ab'' ( ar, آﺏ) also appears in the Arabic language for the month of August in the Levant (see Arabic names of calendar months).The name first appears in Second Temple literature, such as Megillat Taanit. It is one of several months which are not explicitly named in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh). It is a month of 30 days. ''Av'' usually occurs in July–August on the Gregorian calendar. The Babylonian Talmud, Taanit 29a, states that "when we enter he month of''Av'', our joy is diminished". This is because the darkest events in Jewish history occurred during the first week and a half of this month, particularly the Nine Days which culminate in ''Tisha B'Av'', the 9th of ''Av''. However, there is a minor and largely unknown hol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semaphore Cli A BAL F
Semaphore (; ) is the use of an apparatus to create a visual signal transmitted over distance. A semaphore can be performed with devices including: fire, lights, flags, sunlight, and moving arms. Semaphores can be used for telegraphy when arranged in visually connected networks, or for traffic signalling such as in railway systems, or traffic lights in cities. Fire The Phryctoriae were a semaphore system used in Ancient Greece for the transmission of specific prearranged messages. Towers were built on selected mountaintops, so that one tower, the ''phryctoria'', would be visible to the next tower, usually twenty-miles distant. Flames were lit on one tower, then the next tower would light a flame in succession. The Byzantine beacon system was a semaphore developed in the 9th century during the Arab–Byzantine wars. The Byzantine Empire used a system of beacons to transmit messages from the border with the Abbasid Caliphate across Asia Minor to the Byzantine capital, C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
