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French National-Collectivist Party
The French National-Collectivist Party (, PFNC), originally known as the French National Communist Party (''Parti français national communiste''), was a minor political group active in the French Third Republic and reestablished in occupied France. Its leader in both incarnations was the sports journalist Pierre Clémenti. It espoused a " national communist" platform noted for its similarities with fascism, and popularized racial antisemitism. The group was also noted for its agitation in support of pan-European nationalism and rattachism, maintaining contacts in both Nazi Germany and Wallonia. Always a minor movement within the French far-right, it was initially a dissident wing of Henry Coston's ''Francistes''. Temporarily re-absorbed by that party in 1934, it reemerged following Coston's personal row with Clémenti. Its activity was interrupted in 1936, though it returned to incite industrial workers against the Popular Front government. Clémenti was the subject of interroga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Clémenti (politician)
Pierre Clementi (28 May 1910 – 16 April 1982), real name Francis Anthony Clementi, was a French politician active during the 1930s and the occupation of France during the Second World War. He was the founder and leader of the French National-Collectivist Party, which espoused a platform of National Communism, a combination of Fascism, French nationalism and to a certain extent Communism. Biography Son of a Corsican official who died in the First World War, he was first close to radical socialist circles, then moved towards Fascism in 1934 with the founding of the French National-Communist Party ''(Parti français national-communiste )'', which later changed its name under the orders of the Nazi Occupation to the French National-Collectivist Party ''(Parti français national-collectiviste)'', which Clémenti supported. He was the director of the movement's newspaper, '' :fr:Le Pays libre''. in 1941 he helped found the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism (''Légion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jeune Front
Jeune (29 March 1989 – 4 January 2006) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse who raced in England and Australia and is best known for winning the prestigious Melbourne Cup in 1994. He was a muscular chestnut stallion who sometimes raced in pacifiers. He had an aversion towards wet ground and was most effective on ground which was at least dead. European career Reasonably well-bred and bred for stamina, Jeune was by Kalaglow out of Youthful, by Green Dancer. He began his racing career in Europe, becoming a Group Two winner over a mile and a half, as well as running several good placings in English middle-distance races of the second rank. His owner, Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum, sent him to Australia at the end of his 4-year-old season, where he was trained by David Hayes. Australian career Jeune established himself as a top-class performer in Australia with his victory in the Underwood Stakes (1800 metres) at Caulfield in the early part of the spring. Later that sam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Cagoule
(, "The Cowl"; founded in 1936) was a French fascist-leaning and anti-communist militant group. It opposed the left-wing Popular Front (in office, June 1936 to 1938) and used violence to promote its activities in the final years of the Third Republic and into the Vichy Regime. ''La Cagoule'' was founded by Eugène Deloncle and bankrolled, among others, by Eugène Schueller, the founder of L'Oréal. ''La Cagoule'' committed assassinations, and undertook bombings, sabotage of armaments, and other violent activities, some intended to cast suspicion on communists through false flag operations and to add to political instability. Planning a November 1937 overthrow of the French government, was infiltrated by the police, and the national government arrested and imprisoned about 70 men. At the outbreak of World War II (September 1939), the government released the men to fight in the French Army. Some supported other right-wing organizations and participated in the Vichy gover ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Popular Front (France)
The Popular Front (, ) was an alliance of left-wing movements in France, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the socialist SFIO and the Radical-Socialist Republican Party, during the interwar period. Three months after the victory of the Spanish Popular Front, the Popular Front won the May 1936 legislative election, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Léon Blum and composed of republican and SFIO ministers. Blum's government implemented various social reforms. The workers' movement welcomed this electoral victory by launching a general strike in May–June 1936, resulting in the negotiation of the Matignon Agreements, one of the cornerstones of social rights in France. All employees were assured a two-week paid vacation, and the rights of unions were strengthened. The socialist movement's euphoria was apparent in SFIO member Marceau Pivert's "''Tout est possible!''" (Everything is possible). However, the economy continued to s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry Coston
Henry Coston (20 December 1910 – 26 July 2001) was a French far-right, anti-Semitic journalist, collaborationist and conspiracy theorist. Biography After joining the Action française, Coston was influenced by journalist Édouard Drumont and took over his newspaper ''La Libre Parole'' (an anti-Semitic paper well-known during the Dreyfus affair) in the 1930s. He had previously learned his trade editing ''La France Ouvrière'' with Henry Charbonneau. At the same time he created an "Anti-Jewish Youth" organisation "which campaigned for the exclusion of Jews from French life.""Notorious French collaborator, Henri Coston, dies at 91", by Agence France-Presse, August 1, 2001. In the run-up to World War II, he was also in close touch with Ulrich Fleischhauer, German publisher of an internationally distributed anti-Jewish propaganda newsletter, the ''Welt-Dienst'' / ''World-Service'' / ''Service Mondial''. During World War II, Coston belonged to Jacques Doriot's fascist PPF. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallonia
Wallonia ( ; ; or ), officially the Walloon Region ( ; ), is one of the three communities, regions and language areas of Belgium, regions of Belgium—along with Flemish Region, Flanders and Brussels. Covering the southern portion of the country, Wallonia is primarily Geographical distribution of French speakers, French-speaking. It accounts for 55% of Belgium's territory, but only a third of its population. The Walloon Region and the French Community of Belgium, which is the political entity responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education, are independent concepts, because the French Community of Belgium encompasses both Wallonia and the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region but not the German-speaking Community of Belgium, which administers nine municipalities in Eastern Wallonia. During the Industrial Revolution, Wallonia was second only to the United Kingdom in industrialization, capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron. This brought the regio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalitarianism, totalitarian dictatorship. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", referred to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945, after 12 years, when the Allies of World War II, Allies defeated Germany and entered the capital, Berlin, End of World War II in Europe, ending World War II in Europe. After Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party began to eliminate political opposition and consolidate power. A 1934 German referendum confirmed Hitler as sole ''Führer'' (leader). Power was centralised in Hitler's person, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rattachism
Rattachism (, , "reattach-ism") or Reunionism (''Réunionisme'', , "reunion-ism") is a political ideology which calls for the French-speaking part of Belgium or Wallonia to secede from Belgium and become part of France. Brussels, which is majority French-speaking but enclaved in Flanders, may be included within this ideology; as may the six Flemish municipalities with language facilities for French-speakers around Brussels. It can be considered a French-speaking equivalent of Grootneerlandisme (or, historically, Orangism) in Flanders. The Rattachist ideology is associated with a faction of the Walloon Movement and is advocated by the political parties Walloon Rally and Wallonia–France Rally. Neither presently have any parliamentary seats. History and etymology The term "rattachism" derives , indicating a reunification of what has been separated. This looks back to the former unity of the " French period" (1794–1815). Present-day Belgium was conquered in 1795 by the F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pan-European Nationalism
European nationalism (sometimes called pan-European nationalism) is a form of pan-nationalism based on a pan-European identity. It is considered minor since the National Party of Europe disintegrated in the 1970s. It is distinct from Pro-Europeanism and European Federalism in being a chiefly neo-fascist ideology, as opposed to support of the European Union and European integration. History The former British Union of Fascists leader, Oswald Mosley, led the Union Movement and advocated its " Europe a Nation" policy from 1948 to 1973. In 1950, Mosley co-founded the European Social Movement and collaborated with comparable groups on the Continent. The organisation was mostly defunct by 1957 and was succeeded by the National Party of Europe, which was formed in 1962 by Mosley and the leaders of the German nationalist Deutsche Reichspartei, the Italian Social Movement, Jeune Europe and the Mouvement d'Action Civique. The movement remained active during the 1960s but was mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racial Antisemitism
Racial antisemitism is prejudice against Jews based on a belief or assertion that Jews constitute a distinct Race (human categorization), race that has inherent traits or characteristics that appear in some way abhorrent or inherently inferior or otherwise different from the traits or characteristics of the rest of a society. The abhorrence may find expression in the form of discrimination, stereotypes or caricatures. Racial antisemitism may present Jews, as a group, as a threat in some way to the values or safety of a society. Racial antisemitism is much deeper-rooted than religious antisemitism, because for religious antisemites, the Jew is no longer Jewish once converted, thus their “Jewishness” is gone. In the context of racial antisemitism however, Jews cannot get rid of their Jewishness, and thus must be expelled or eradicated. Premise The premise of racial antisemitism is that Jews constitute a distinct racial or ethnic group which negatively impacts gentiles. Racial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fascism
Fascism ( ) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement. It is characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived interest of the nation or Race (human categorization), race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Opposed to communism, democracy, liberalism, Pluralism (political philosophy), pluralism, and socialism, fascism is at the far right of the traditional left–right spectrum.; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Fascism rose to prominence in early-20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements Italian fascism, emerged in Italy during World War I, before Fascism in Europe, spreading to other European countries, most notably Nazi Germany, Germany. Fascism also had adherents outside of Europe. Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes to the nature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Communist
National communism is a term describing various forms in which Marxism–Leninism and socialism has been adopted and/or implemented by leaders in different countries using aspects of nationalism or national identity to form a policy independent from communist internationalism. National communism has been used to describe movements and governments that have sought to form a distinctly unique variant of communism based upon distinct national characteristics and circumstances, rather than following policies set by other socialist states, such as the Soviet Union. In each independent state, empire, or dependency, the relationship between social class and nation had its own particularities. The Ukrainian communists Vasil Shakhrai, Alexander Shumsky, and Mazlakh, and then the Tatar Sultan Galiyev, considered the interests of the Bolshevik Russian state at odds with those of their countries. Communist parties that have attempted to pursue independent foreign and domestic policies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
