Free Speech Coalition V. Paxton
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Free Speech Coalition V. Paxton
''Free Speech Coalition, Inc. v. Paxton'', , was a decision of the United States Supreme Court allowing states to require Internet pornography websites to verify the age of viewers in order to prevent access by minors. In a 6–3 decision in June 2025, the Supreme Court ruled that Texas' age-verification law passed intermediate scrutiny and only incidentally burdened the protected speech of adults. Background Prior case law Applying rational basis review, the Supreme Court upheld state laws banning the sale of pornography to minors in ''Ginsberg v. New York'' (1968), provided that it was "obscene as to minors" – even if it would not meet an ordinary legal test for obscenity as to adults. With the '' Miller v. California'' (1973), the Supreme Court established the presiding standard for evaluating obscenity, the Miller test, which uses three prongs, whether the material judged by "community standards" would be considered to be of prurient interest, whether the material ill ...
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Free Speech Coalition
The Free Speech Coalition (FSC) is a non-profit industry trade group, trade association of the sex industry in the United States. Founded in 1991, it opposes the passage and enforcement of obscenity laws and many censorship laws (with the exception of "anti-copyright infringement, piracy" laws). Background Prior to the establishment of a private right to own pornographic material in ''Stanley v. Georgia'' in 1969, adult film producers and sex toy manufacturers had limited ability to organize. The first truly national group to emerge was the Adult Film Association of America (AFAA), an association of approximately 100 film producers, exhibitors, and distributors. The AFAA hired attorneys and created a legal kit that could be used by those facing censorship. With the advent of inexpensive home videos, the AFAA became the Adult Film and Video Association of America (AFVAA). In 1987, adult film producer Hal Freeman was charged with Procuring (prostitution), pandering. In ''People v ...
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Reno V
Reno ( ) is a city in the northwest section of the U.S. state of Nevada, along the Nevada–California border. It is the county seat and most populous city of Washoe County, Nevada, Washoe County. Sitting in the High Eastern Sierra foothills, in the Truckee River valley, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, it is about northeast of Lake Tahoe. Known as "The Biggest Little City in the World", Reno is the List of United States cities by population, 78th most populous city in the United States, the List of cities in Nevada, third most populous city in Nevada, and the most populous in Nevada outside the Las Vegas Valley. The city had a population of 264,165 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. The city is named after Civil War Union major general Jesse L. Reno, who was killed in action during the American Civil War at the Battle of South Mountain, on Fox's Gap. Reno is part of the Reno, NV Metropolitan Statistical Area, Reno–Sparks metropolitan area, the second-m ...
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Sex Industry
The sex industry (also called the sex trade) consists of businesses that either directly or indirectly provide sex-related products and services or adult entertainment. The industry includes activities involving direct provision of sex-related services, such as prostitution, strip clubs, host and hostess clubs, and sex-related pastimes, such as pornography, sex-oriented men's magazines, women's magazines, sex movies, sex toys, and fetish or BDSM paraphernalia. Sex channels for television and pre-paid sex movies for video on demand, are part of the sex industry, as are adult movie theaters, sex shops, peep shows, and strip clubs. The sex industry employs millions of people worldwide, mainly women. These range from the sex worker, also called adult service provider (ASP), who provides sexual services, to a multitude of support personnel. Etymology The origins of the term ''sex industry'' are uncertain, but it appears to have arisen in the 1970s. A 1977 report by the Ontari ...
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Pornography
Pornography (colloquially called porn or porno) is Sexual suggestiveness, sexually suggestive material, such as a picture, video, text, or audio, intended for sexual arousal. Made for consumption by adults, pornographic depictions have evolved from cave paintings, some forty millennia ago, to modern-day Virtual reality pornography, virtual reality presentations. A general distinction of adults-only sexual content is made, classifying it as pornography or erotica. The oldest Artifact (archaeology), artifacts considered pornographic were discovered in Germany in 2008 and are dated to be at least 35,000 years old. Human enchantment with sexual imagery representations has been a constant throughout history of erotic depictions, history. However, the reception of such imagery varied according to the historical, cultural, and national contexts. The Indian Sanskrit text ''Kama Sutra'' (3rd century CE) contained prose, poetry, and illustrations regarding sexual behavior, and the book ...
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Bipartisan
Bipartisanship, sometimes referred to as nonpartisanship, is a political situation, usually in the context of a two-party system (especially those of the United States and some other western countries), in which opposing Political party, political parties find common ground through compromise. In multi-partisan electoral systems or in situations where multiple parties work together, it is called multipartisanship. Partisan (politics), Partisanship is the Opposite (semantics), antonym, where an individual or political party adheres only to its interests without compromise. Usage The adjective ''bipartisan'' can refer to any political act in which both of the two major political parties agree about all or many parts of a political choice. Bipartisanship involves trying to find common ground, but there is debate whether the issues needing common ground are peripheral or central ones. Often, compromises are called bipartisan if they reconcile the desires of both parties from an origin ...
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Bloomberg Law
Bloomberg Law is a subscription-based service that uses data analytics and artificial intelligence for online legal research. The service, which Bloomberg L.P. introduced in 2009, provides legal content, proprietary company information and news information to attorneys, law students, and other legal professionals. More specifically, this commercial legal and business technology platform integrates Bloomberg Law News with Bloomberg Industry Group's primary and secondary legal content and business development tools.New Bloomberg Law App Provides Seamless Access To Personalized Content
, ''PR Newswire'' (Feb 21, 2014).

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The Dallas Morning News
''The Dallas Morning News'' is a daily newspaper serving the Dallas–Fort Worth area of Texas, with an average print circulation in 2022 of 65,369. It was founded on October 1, 1885, by Alfred Horatio Belo as a satellite publication of the '' Galveston Daily News'', of Galveston, Texas. Historically, and to the present day, it is the most prominent newspaper in Dallas. Throughout the 1990s and as recently as 2010, the paper has won nine Pulitzer Prizes for reporting and photography, George Polk Awards for education reporting and regional reporting, and an Overseas Press Club award for photography. Its headquarters is in downtown Dallas. History ''The Dallas Morning News'' was founded in 1885 as a spin-off of the '' Galveston Daily News'' by Alfred Horatio Belo. In 1926, the Belo family sold a majority interest in the paper to its longtime publisher, George Dealey. By the 1920s, ''The Dallas Morning News'' had grown larger than the ''Galveston Daily News'' and had bec ...
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Texas Legislature
The Texas State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Texas. It is a bicameral body composed of a 31-member Senate and a 150-member House of Representatives. The state legislature meets at the Capitol in Austin. It is a powerful arm of the Texas government not only because of its power of the purse to control and direct the activities of state government and the strong constitutional connections between it and the lieutenant governor of Texas, but also due to Texas's plural executive. The Legislature is the constitutional successor of the Congress of the Republic of Texas since Texas's 1845 entrance into the Union. The Legislature held its first regular session from February 16 to May 13, 1846. Structure and operations The Texas Legislature meets in regular session on the second Tuesday in January of each odd-numbered year, one of only four states (and by far the largest) not to hold annual sessions. The Texas Constitution limits the regular sessi ...
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TechCrunch
TechCrunch is an American global online newspaper focusing on topics regarding high tech, high-tech and Startup company, startup companies. It was founded in June 2005 by Archimedes Ventures, led by partners Michael Arrington and Keith Teare. In 2010, AOL acquired the company for approximately $25 million. Following the 2015 Verizon Communications#Acquisition of AOL and Yahoo, acquisition of AOL and Yahoo! by Verizon, the site was owned by Verizon Media from 2015 through 2021. In 2021, Verizon sold its media assets, including AOL, Yahoo!, and TechCrunch, to the private equity firm Apollo Global Management. Apollo integrated them into a new entity called Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present), Yahoo! Inc. In addition to its news reporting, TechCrunch is also known for its annual Disrupt conference, a technology event hosted in several cities across the United States, Europe, and China. History TechCrunch was founded in June 2005 by Archimedes Ventures, led by partners Michael Arrington a ...
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The Intercept
''The Intercept'' is an American left-wing nonprofit news organization that publishes articles and podcasts online. ''The Intercept'' has published in English since its founding in 2014, and in Portuguese since the 2016 launch of the Brazilian edition staffed by a local team of Brazilian journalists. History ''The Intercept'' was founded by journalists Glenn Greenwald, Jeremy Scahill, and Laura Poitras. It was launched on February 10, 2014, by First Look Media with funding by eBay co-founder Pierre Omidyar, starting with $250 million in pledged funding. The publication initially reported on documents released by Edward Snowden. Co-founders Greenwald and Poitras left in 2020 amid public disagreements about the leadership and direction of the organization. In January 2023 it spun off from the First Look Institute as an independent nonprofit organization. The website had hosted an archive of documents leaked by Snowden to Greenwald and Poitras. First Look deprecated ...
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Filtering Software
An Internet filter is software that restricts or controls the content an Internet user is capable to access, especially when utilized to restrict material delivered over the Internet via the Web, Email, or other means. Such restrictions can be applied at various levels: a government can attempt to apply them nationwide (see Internet censorship), or they can, for example, be applied by an Internet service provider to its clients, by an employer to its personnel, by a school to its students, by a library to its visitors, by a parent to a child's computer, or by an individual user to their own computers. The motive is often to prevent access to content which the computer's owner(s) or other authorities may consider objectionable. When imposed without the consent of the user, content control can be characterised as a form of internet censorship. Some filter software includes time control functions that empowers parents to set the amount of time that child may spend accessing the Inter ...
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Ashcroft V
Ashcroft may refer to: Places * Ashcroft, British Columbia, a village in Canada **Ashcroft House in Bagpath, Gloucestershire, England—eponym of the Canadian village * Ashcroft, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia * Ashcroft, Colorado, a former U.S. mining town, south of Aspen * Ashcroft (Geneva, New York), a historic house * Ashcroft Technology Academy, a secondary school in London, UK People * Catherine Ashcroft, English musician (Irish Folk) * Charlie Ashcroft, English footballer * Chloe Ashcroft, British television presenter * Christina Ashcroft (born 1964), Canadian sport shooter * Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki, British occultist * Edgar Arthur Ashcroft (1864–1938), invented zinc extraction process in Australia * Ernest Ashcroft (b. 1925), English professional rugby league footballer * Lee Ashcroft, English footballer * Lee Ashcroft (footballer, born 1993), Scottish footballer * Jay Ashcroft, American politician * Jimmy Ashcroft, English footballer * John As ...
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