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Freda Hoffman Zgodzinski
Freda Hoffman Zgodzinski (8 February 1914 - 21 February 2012) was a Polish Jewish anarchist, a militant in the Anarchist Federation of Poland, and publisher of the Yiddish language ''Kul fun Frayhayt'' newspaper produced in the Warsaw Ghetto. Biography Early life Hoffman Zgodzinski was raised in a Jewish family in the Polish village of Wielkie Oczy. The second youngest of 8 children, her parents, David and Scheindl, were poor and made a living from selling goods in local markets, and occasional smuggling of contraband products such as saccharin. Because of the family's poverty all of Hoffman Zgodzinski's siblings emigrated to larger cities, such as Lwów, Przemyśl, Tarnów and Warsaw, in search of work. After nursing her mother through ill health Hoffman Zgodzinski also moved to Warsaw. WWII At the outbreak of World War II Hoffman Zgodzinski was living in a fourth floor flat at 42 Leszno Street in Wola, occupied by four other tenants including her elder sisters Esther and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wielkie Oczy
Wielkie Oczy is a village (town until 1935) in Lubaczów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wielkie Oczy. It lies approximately south of Lubaczów and east of the regional capital Rzeszów. History In 1656 the village was given by wife of hetman Stanisław Rewera Potocki to soldier Andrzej Modrzejowski (later colonel, starosta and podskarbi nadworny koronny) for saving hetman's life. So that Modrzejowski became almost neighbour and friend of Jan Sobieski (later king of Poland) who lived in Ukrainian Yavoriv at that time. In 1880, there were 996 Jews in the town (50,4% of the whole population). In 1921, there were 487 Jews living in Wielkie Oczy. This decrease in the population was caused by World War I as well as by the cholera epidemic in 1915. On the June 10, 1941, 168 Jews from Wielkie Oczy were displaced to the Krakowiec ghetto and 274 to the Yavo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarnów
Tarnów () is a city in southeastern Poland with 105,922 inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of 269,000 inhabitants. The city is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east–west connection from Lviv to Kraków, and two additional lines, one of which links the city with the Slovakia, Slovak border. Tarnów is known for its traditional architecture of Poland, Polish architecture, which was influenced by foreign cultures and foreigners that once lived in the area, most notably Jews, Germans and Austrians. The Old Town, featuring 16th century tenements, houses and defensive walls, has been preserved. Tarnów is also the warmest city of Poland, with the highest long-term mean annual temperature in the whole country. Companies headquartered in the city include Poland's largest chemical industry company Grupa Azoty and defence industry company Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów, ZMT. The city is currently subdivided into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pruszków
Pruszków is a city in east-central Poland, capital of Pruszków County in the Masovian Voivodeship. Pruszków is located along the western edge of the Warsaw metropolitan area. Pruszków is the largest city in the Warsaw metropolitan area outside Warsaw. Since the 19th century it has developed as an industrial centre located on an important railway line. In the 1990s and 2000s the city was synonymous with the "Pruszków mafia, Pruszków gang", one of two major organised crime groups in the country. It is known for the country's chief Arena Pruszków, indoor velodrome and the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków, Dulag 121 Museum at the former Nazi German camp for Poles expelled from Warsaw. History Early history Pruszków was incorporated as a town in 1916 during World War I, although the village was first mentioned in chronicles in the 15th century. Within the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Poland, it was a private village of szlachta, Polish nobility, administratively l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capitulation After The Warsaw Uprising
The Warsaw Uprising of 1944 was ended through a capitulation agreement which guaranteed not only the rights of the resistance to be treated as prisoners of war but also was designed to guarantee the fair treatment of the civilians living in Warsaw. This agreement, between General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski and SS General Erich von dem Bach, had taken a long period of on-and-off negotiations to achieve. Signing of the capitulation treaty On October 3, General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski signed the capitulation of the remaining Polish forces (''Warszawski Korpus Armii Krajowej'' or Home Army Warsaw Corps) in the German headquarters in the presence of General Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. According to the capitulation treaty, the Home Army soldiers were to be treated in accordance with the Geneva Convention and the civilian population was to be treated humanely. The next day the Germans began to disarm the Home Army soldiers. Most of them were later sent to POW camps in various parts of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warsaw Uprising
The Warsaw Uprising (; ), sometimes referred to as the August Uprising (), or the Battle of Warsaw, was a major World War II operation by the Polish resistance movement in World War II, Polish underground resistance to liberate Warsaw from German occupation. It occurred in the summer of 1944, and it was led by the Polish resistance Home Army (). The uprising was timed to coincide with the retreat of the German forces from Poland ahead of the Soviet advance. While approaching the eastern suburbs of the city, the Red Army halted combat operations, enabling the Germans to regroup and defeat the Polish resistance and to Planned destruction of Warsaw, destroy the city in retaliation. The Uprising was fought for 63 days with little outside support. It was the single largest military effort taken by any European Resistance during World War II, resistance movement during World War II. The defeat of the uprising and suppression of the Home Army enabled the pro-Soviet Polish administra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treblinka Extermination Camp
Treblinka () was the second-deadliest extermination camp to be built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It was in a forest north-east of Warsaw, south of the village of Treblinka in what is now the Masovian Voivodeship. The camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Final Solution. During this time, it is estimated that between 700,000 and 900,000 Jews were murdered in its gas chambers, along with 2,000 Romani people. More Jews were murdered at Treblinka than at any other Nazi extermination camp apart from Auschwitz-Birkenau. Managed by the German SS with assistance from Trawniki guards – recruited from among Soviet POWs to serve with the Germans – the camp consisted of two separate units. Treblinka I was a forced-labour camp ('' Arbeitslager'') whose prisoners worked in the gravel pit or irrigation area and in the forest, where they cut wood to fuel the crema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umschlagplatz
''Umschlagplatz'' () was the term used during The Holocaust to denote the holding areas adjacent to railway stations in occupied Poland where Jews from ghettos were assembled for deportation to Nazi death camps. The largest collection point was in Warsaw next to the Warsaw Ghetto. In 1942 between 254,000 – 265,000 Jews passed through the Warsaw ''Umschlagplatz'' on their way to the Treblinka extermination camp during Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Holocaust in Poland. Often those awaiting the arrival of Holocaust trains, were held at the ''Umschlagplatz'' overnight. Other examples of ''Umschlagplatz'' include the one at Radogoszcz station - adjacent to the Łódź Ghetto - where people were sent to Chełmno extermination camp and Auschwitz. In 1988, a memorial was erected in Warsaw to commemorate the deportation victims from the ''Umschlagplatz''. The monument resembles a freight car with its doors open. It is located on the corner of Stawki Street. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grossaktion Warsaw
The ''Grossaktion'' Warsaw ("Great Action") was the Nazi code name for the deportation and mass murder of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto during the summer of 1942, beginning on 22 July. During the ''Grossaktion'', Jews were terrorized in daily round-ups, marched through the ghetto, and assembled at the '' Umschlagplatz'' station square for what was called in the Nazi euphemistic jargon " resettlement to the East". From there, they were sent aboard overcrowded Holocaust trains to the extermination camp in Treblinka. The largest number of Warsaw Jews were transported to their deaths at Treblinka in the period between the Jewish holidays Tisha B'Av (23 July) and Yom Kippur (21 September) in 1942. The killing centre had been completed from Warsaw only weeks earlier, specifically for the Final Solution. Treblinka was equipped with gas chambers disguised as showers for the "processing" of entire transports of people. Led by the SS-leader '' Brigadeführer'' Odilo Globocnik, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernard Konrad Świerczyński
Bernard Konrad Świerczyński (20 August 1922 – 31 October 2002) was a journalist, writer, and anarchist activist. During the occupation of Poland he provided help to Jews in Warsaw and was subsequently awarded the title of Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem. Biography Early life Świerczyński was raised in a left-wing family in the Wola district of Warsaw. The only surviving child of 8 siblings his family spoke the ''Wiech'' variant (named after Stefan Wiechecki) of the Warsaw subdialect at home. His father, Konrad, was a member of the Polish Association of Freethinkers and the Anarchist Federation of Poland. As a teenager he was removed from school by his parents to avoid religious classes and was instead tutored by the anarchist Aniela Wolberg. WWII Following the Nazi occupation of Poland and the establishment of the Warsaw Ghetto on the orders of the General Government, Świerczyński began smuggling food, medicines, weapons and communications to Jewish fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Többens And Schultz
''Többens and Schultz'' () was a Nazi German textile manufacturing conglomerate making German uniforms, socks and garments in the Warsaw Ghetto and elsewhere, during the occupation of Poland in World War II. It was owned and operated by two major war profiteers: Fritz Emil Schultz from Danzig,Powell 2000p. 114 ''(ibidem)''./ref> and a convicted war criminal, Walter C. Többens (i.e. Walther Caspar Toebbens, from Hamburg). History Schultz and Többens appeared in Warsaw in the summer of 1941, not long after the Ghetto was closed off with walls topped with barbed wire. The unemployment, hunger and malnutrition there were rampant. At first, they both acted as middlemen between the German high command and the Jewish-run workshops, and placed production orders with them. Within weeks they opened their own factories in the Ghetto using slave labour on a record scale. By spring 1942 the ''Stickerei Abteilung'' division run by Schultz at Nowolipie 44 Street had 3,000 workers mak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-134-0780-22, Polen, Ghetto Warschau, Markt
The German Federal Archives or Bundesarchiv (BArch) (, lit. "Federal Archive") are the national archives of Germany. They were established at the current location in Koblenz in 1952. They are subordinated to the Federal Commissioner for Culture and the Media (Claudia Roth since 2021) under the German Chancellery, and before 1998, to the Federal Ministry of the Interior. On 6 December 2008, the Archives donated 100,000 photos to the public, by making them accessible via Wikimedia Commons. History The federal archive for institutions and authorities in Germany, the first precursor to the present-day Federal Archives, was established in Potsdam, Brandenburg in 1919, a later date than in other European countries. This national archive documented German government dating from the founding of the North German Confederation in 1867. It also included material from the older German Confederation and the Imperial Chamber Court. The oldest documents in this collection dated back to the y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Warsaw (1939)
The siege of Warsaw in 1939 was fought between the Polish Army, Polish Warszawa Army, Warsaw Army () garrisoned and entrenched in Warsaw and the invading German Army (Wehrmacht), German Army.Zaloga, S.J., 2002, ''Poland 1939'', Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd., It began with huge Bombing of Warsaw in World War II, aerial bombardments initiated by the Luftwaffe starting on September 1, 1939 following the Invasion of Poland, German invasion of Poland. Land fighting started on September 8, when the first German tank, armored units reached the Wola district and south-western suburbs of the city. Despite German radio broadcasts claiming to have captured Warsaw, the initial enemy attack was repelled and soon afterwards Warsaw was placed under siege. The siege lasted until September 28, when the Polish garrison, commanded under General Walerian Czuma, officially Capitulation (surrender), capitulated. The following day approximately 140,000 Polish troops left the city and were taken as pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
