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Frangula Oreodendron
''Frangula'' is a genus of about 35 species of flowering shrubs or small trees, commonly known as alder buckthorn in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. The common name buckthorn is also used to describe species of the genus '' Rhamnus'' in the same family and also sea-buckthorn, ''Hippophae rhamnoides'' in the Elaeagnaceae. Description ''Frangula'' is a genus of deciduous shrubs with alternate, simple leaves with stipules, buds without bud scales, branches without spines and flowers with five petals and undivided styles. The fruits are 2 to 4-seeded berries. Selected species include: *''Frangula alnus'' – alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, breaking buckthorn, black dogwood *''Frangula azorica'' *''Frangula betulifolia'' – birchleaf buckthorn *''Frangula californica'' – California buckthorn, coffeeberry *''Frangula caroliniana'' – Carolina buckthorn, Indian cherry (synonym ''Rhamnus caroliniana'') *''Frangula purshiana'' – cascara buckthorn (synonym ''Rhamnus purshiana'') ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frangula Alnus
''Frangula alnus'', commonly known as alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, or breaking buckthorn, is a tall deciduous shrub in the family Rhamnaceae. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns. It is native to Europe, northernmost Africa, and western Asia, from Ireland and Great Britain north to the 68th parallel north, 68th parallel in Scandinavia, east to central Siberia and Xinjiang in western China, and south to northern Morocco, Turkey, and the Alborz in Iran and Caucasus Mountains, the Caucasus Mountains; in the northwest of its range (Ireland, Scotland), it is rare and scattered. It is also introduced and naturalisation (biology), naturalised in eastern North America.Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins .Flora Europaea''Frangula alnus''/ref>Stace, Clive, et al. ''Interactive Flora of NW Europe''''Frangula alnus''/ref> Description Alder buckthorn is a non-spiny deciduous shrub, growing to , occasionally to tall. It is usually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frangula Betulifolia
''Frangula betulifolia'', the birchleaf buckthorn, is a shrub or small tree in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It is native in northern Mexico in the Sierra Madre Occidental cordillera, and mountainous, desert regions of the Southwestern United States of Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and far west Texas; besides being found in Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango of the Occidental cordillera, a large species locale occurs to the east in Nuevo León. ''Frangula betulifolia'' has large ovate leaves, and can grow to be a small tree from 3-10m tall. Blooms in spring, May–June, followed by black-purple fruits in fall. The inner bark was chewed by Native Americans for medicinal purposes. The former variety ''obovata'' with rounder leaves, occurring from southern Nevada through northern Arizona and southern Utah to southwestern Colorado, is now a separate species '' Frangula obovata''. Range The core range of the birchleaf buckthorn is the northern Sierra Madre Occidental cordillera, from ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frangula
''Frangula'' is a genus of about 35 species of flowering shrubs or small trees, commonly known as alder buckthorn in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. The common name buckthorn is also used to describe species of the genus '' Rhamnus'' in the same family and also sea-buckthorn, ''Hippophae rhamnoides'' in the Elaeagnaceae. Description ''Frangula'' is a genus of deciduous shrubs with alternate, simple leaves with stipules, buds without bud scales, branches without spines and flowers with five petals and undivided styles. The fruits are 2 to 4-seeded berries. Selected species include: *''Frangula alnus'' – alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, breaking buckthorn, black dogwood *'' Frangula azorica'' *'' Frangula betulifolia'' – birchleaf buckthorn *'' Frangula californica'' – California buckthorn, coffeeberry *'' Frangula caroliniana'' – Carolina buckthorn, Indian cherry (synonym ''Rhamnus caroliniana'') *''Frangula purshiana'' – cascara buckthorn (synonym ''Rhamnus purshiana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gunpowder
Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, charcoal (which is mostly carbon), and potassium nitrate, potassium nitrate (saltpeter). The sulfur and charcoal act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics, including use as a blasting agent for explosives in quarrying, mining, building Pipeline transport, pipelines, tunnels, and road#Construction, roads. Gunpowder is classified as a Explosive#Low, low explosive because of its relatively slow decomposition rate, low ignition temperature and consequently low brisance, brisance (breaking/shattering). Low explosives deflagration, deflagrate (i.e., burn at subsonic speeds), whereas high explosives detonation, detonate, producing a supersonic shockwave. Ignition of gunpowder packed behind a projectile generates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charcoal
Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, called charcoal burning, often by forming a charcoal kiln, the heat is supplied by burning part of the starting material itself, with a limited supply of oxygen. The material can also be heated in a closed retort. Modern charcoal briquettes used for outdoor cooking may contain many other additives, e.g. coal. The early history of wood charcoal production spans ancient times, rooted in the abundance of wood in various regions. The process typically involves stacking wood billets to form a conical pile, allowing air to enter through openings at the bottom, and igniting the pile gradually. Charcoal burners, skilled professionals tasked with managing the delicate operation, often lived in isolation to tend their wood piles . Throughout histo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wood
Wood is a structural tissue/material found as xylem in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulosic fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere, such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree, it performs a mechanical-support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients among the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, woodchips, or fibers. Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel, as a construction material, for making tools and weapons, furniture and paper. More recently it emerged as a feedstock for the production ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a distinct military uniform. They may consist of one or more military branches such as an army, navy, air force, space force, marines, or coast guard. The main task of a military is usually defined as defence of their state and its interests against external armed threats. In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include other paramilitary forces such as armed police. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, crowd control, promotion of political agendas, emergency services and reconstruct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frangula Rubra
''Frangula rubra'' ( syn. ''Rhamnus rubra'') is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family known by the common names red buckthorn and Sierra coffeeberry. Description ''Frangula rubra'' is a spreading shrub approaching in maximum height, its bark red or gray. The thin, deciduous leaves are generally oval in shape, green to grayish in color, and up to long. The edges are smooth or faintly toothed. The inflorescence is an umbel of up to 15 flowers with five pointed sepals opening into a starlike shape and five smaller, greenish petals. The fruit is a drupe which ripens to black. It measures just over 1 cm long and contains 2 seeds. Distribution and habitat It is native to the mountains and plateau areas of northern and eastern California and western Nevada, including the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains, where it grows in many habitat types, including forests, chaparral Chaparral ( ) is a shrubland plant plant community, community found primarily in Californ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frangula Purshiana
''Frangula purshiana'' (cascara, cascara buckthorn, cascara sagrada, bearberry, and in the Chinook Jargon, chittem stick and chitticum stick; syn. ''Rhamnus purshiana'') is a species of plant in the family Rhamnaceae. It is native to western North America from southern British Columbia south to central California, and eastward to northwestern Montana. The dried bark of cascara was used as a laxative in folk medicine by the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, and later worldwide in conventional medicines until 2002. Description Cascara is a large shrub or small tree tall, with a trunk in diameter. The buds have no scales, unique for the northwest region. The thin bark is brownish to silver-gray with light splotching (often, in part, from lichens); the inner bark is smooth and yellowish (turning dark brown with age and/or exposure to sunlight). Cascara bark has an intensely bitter flavor that will remain in the mouth for hours, overpowering and even numbing the taste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frangula Caroliniana
''Frangula caroliniana'', commonly called the Carolina buckthorn, is a deciduous upright shrub or small tree native to the southeastern, south-central, and mid-western parts of the United States, from Texas east to Florida and north as far as Maryland, Ohio, Missouri, and Oklahoma. There is also an isolated population in the State of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico. It is found in a wide variety of habitats, including barrens, forests, and limestone bluffs. Description ''Frangula caroliniana'' is usually around high, but capable of reaching in a shaded location. The most striking characteristic of this plant are its shiny, dark green leaves. The flowers are very small and inconspicuous, pale yellow-green, bell-shaped, appearing in leaf axils in late spring after the leaves. The fruit is a small (1/3 inch or 8.3 mm) round drupe In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surround ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frangula Californica
''Frangula californica'' (previously classified as ''Rhamnus californica'') is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family native to western North America. It produces edible fruits and seeds.http://honest-food.net/2014/08/13/california-coffeeberry-edible/. Accessed 15.6.2015. It is commonly known as California coffeeberry and California buckthorn. Description ''Frangula californica'' is a shrub tall.Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, revised 2000, p. 168 It is variable in form across subspecies. In favorable conditions the plant can develop into a small tree over tall. More commonly it is a shrub between tall. The branches may have a reddish tinge and the new twigs are often red in color. The alternately arranged leaves are evergreen and glabrous or smooth without hair above; there is normally a waxy-white undercoating on the bottom. The blades are an ovate to elliptic shape, thin in moist habitat, and smaller and thicker in dry areas. The leaves are fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frangula Azorica
''Frangula azorica'' is a tall semi-deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Rhamnaceae. It is endemic to the Azores, Portugal. Fossil evidence suggests this species was also native to Madeira but went extinct. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss or habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved elsewhere, or are dead, leading to a decrease .... References azorica Endemic flora of the Azores Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Habitats Directive species {{Rhamnaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
