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Florin Abelès
Florin Abelès (October 20, 1922 – April 12, 2005)was a French physicist who specialized in optics. In his 1949 doctoral thesis, Abelès developed a transfer-matrix formalism to compute the transmission and reflection of light by thin dielectric layers. When Lyman G. Parratt performed the first x-ray reflectometry experiment in 1954, he developed an equivalent recursion method. Nowadays, Abelès matrices or Parratt recursion are exchangeably used in investigations of multilayers by x-ray reflectometry, neutron reflectometry, or ellipsometry. In 1969, Abelès founded the journal ''Optics Communications ''Optics Communications'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers all fields of optical science and technology and was established in 1969. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: *Chemical ...''. He served as editor-in-chief until 1993. References 1922 births 2005 deaths People from Galați 20th-century French ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galați
Galați ( , , ; also known by other #Etymology and names, alternative names) is the capital city of Galați County in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in eastern Romania. Galați is a port town on the river Danube. and the sixth-largest of all List of cities and towns on the river Danube, cities on the river Danube. According to the 2021 Romanian census, 2021 census it is the 8th most populous city in Romania. Galați is an economic centre based around the port of Galați, the Galaţi shipyard, naval shipyard, and the largest steel factory in Romania, Galați steel works. Etymology and names The name ''Galați'' is derived from the Cuman language, Cuman word . This word is ultimately borrowed from the Persian language, Persian word Qila, , "fortress". Other etymology, etymologies have been suggested, such as the Serbian language, Serbian . However, the ''galat'' root appears in nearby toponyms, some of which show clearly a Cuman origin, for example Gălățui Lake, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People From Galați
The term "the people" refers to the public or common mass of people of a polity. As such it is a concept of human rights law, international law as well as constitutional law, particularly used for claims of popular sovereignty. In contrast, a people is any plurality of persons considered as a whole. Used in politics and law, the term "a people" refers to the collective or community of an ethnic group or nation. Concepts Legal Chapter One, Article One of the Charter of the United Nations states that "peoples" have the right to self-determination. Though the mere status as peoples and the right to self-determination, as for example in the case of Indigenous peoples (''peoples'', as in all groups of indigenous people, not merely all indigenous persons as in ''indigenous people''), does not automatically provide for independent sovereignty and therefore secession. Indeed, judge Ivor Jennings identified the inherent problems in the right of "peoples" to self-determination, as i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2005 Deaths
This is a list of lists of deaths of notable people, organized by year. New deaths articles are added to their respective month (e.g., Deaths in ) and then linked below. 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 Earlier years ''Deaths in years earlier than this can usually be found in the main articles of the years.'' See also * Lists of deaths by day * Deaths by year (category) {{DEFAULTSORT:deaths by year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1922 Births
Events January * January 7 – Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic), Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes. * January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann, the day after Éamon de Valera resigns. * January 11 – The first successful insulin treatment of diabetes is made, by Frederick Banting in Toronto. * January 15 – Michael Collins (Irish leader), Michael Collins becomes Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State. * January 26 – Italian forces occupy Misrata, Italian Libya, Libya; the Pacification of Libya, reconquest of Libya begins. February * February 6 ** Pope Pius XI (Achille Ratti) succeeds Pope Benedict XV, to become the 259th pope. ** The Washington Naval Treaty, Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty is signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Empire of Japan, Japan, French Third Republic, France and Kingdom of Italy, Italy. Japan returns some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optics & Photonics News
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties. Most optical phenomena can be accounted for by using the classical electromagnetic description of light, however complete electromagnetic descriptions of light are often difficult to apply in practice. Practical optics is usually done using simplified models. The most common of these, geometric optics, treats light as a collection of rays that travel in straight lines and bend when they pass through or reflect from surfaces. Physical optics is a more comprehensive model of light, which includes wave effects such as diffraction and interference that cannot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optics Communications
''Optics Communications'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers all fields of optical science and technology and was established in 1969. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: *Chemical Abstracts *Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology *Current Contents/Physics, Chemical, & Earth Sciences * Ei Compendex * Engineering Index *Inspec *Scopus According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2022 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 2.4. References External links *{{Official website, https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/optics-communications Optics journals Elsevier academic journals Academic journals established in 1969 English-language journals Biweekl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ellipsometry
Ellipsometry is an optical technique for investigating the dielectric properties (complex refractive index or dielectric function) of thin films. Ellipsometry measures the change of polarization upon reflection or transmission and compares it to a model. It can be used to characterize composition, roughness, thickness (depth), crystalline nature, doping concentration, electrical conductivity and other material properties. It is very sensitive to the change in the optical response of incident radiation that interacts with the material being investigated. A spectroscopic ellipsometer can be found in most thin film analytical labs. Ellipsometry is also becoming more interesting to researchers in other disciplines such as biology and medicine. These areas pose new challenges to the technique, such as measurements on unstable liquid surfaces and microscopic imaging. Etymology The name "ellipsometry" stems from the fact that elliptical polarization of light is used. The term " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
X-ray Reflectometry
X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize Interface (matter), surfaces, thin films and multilayers.J. Als-Nielsen, D. McMorrow, ''Elements of Modern X-Ray Physics'', Wiley, New York, (2001). It is a form of reflectometry based on the use of X-rays and is related to the techniques of neutron reflectometry and ellipsometry. The basic principle of X-ray reflectivity is to reflect a beam of X-rays from a flat surface and to then measure the intensity of X-rays reflected in the specular direction (reflected angle equal to incident angle). If the interface is not perfectly sharp and smooth then the reflected intensity will deviate from that predicted by the law of Fresnel reflectivity. The deviations can then be analyzed to obtain the density profile of the interface normal to the surface. History The earliest measurements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a mainly continental climate, and an area of with a population of 19 million people. Romania is the List of European countries by area, twelfth-largest country in Europe and the List of European Union member states by population, sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Europe's second-longest river, the Danube, empties into the Danube Delta in the southeast of the country. The Carpathian Mountains cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include Moldoveanu Peak, at an altitude of . Bucharest is the country's Bucharest metropolitan area, largest urban area and Economy of Romania, financial centre. Other major urban centers, urban areas include Cluj-Napoca, Timiș ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lyman G
Lyman may refer to: Places Ukraine * Lyman, Ukraine, a city, formerly the administrative center of Lyman Raion, Donetsk Oblast * Lyman Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, a former ''raion'' (district) * Lyman Raion, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine, a former ''raion'' United States * Lyman, Iowa, an unincorporated community * Lyman, Maine, a town * Lyman, Mississippi, a census-designated place * Lyman, Nebraska, a village * Lyman, New Hampshire, a town * Lyman, Oklahoma, a town * Lyman, South Carolina, a town * Lyman County, South Dakota ** Lyman, South Dakota, an unincorporated community in the county * Lyman, Utah, a town * Lyman, Washington, a town * Lyman, Wyoming, a town * Lyman Glacier (Mount Adams), Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Washington state * Lyman Glacier (North Cascades), Wenatchee National Forest, Washington state * Lyman Mountain, Oregon * Lyman Reservoir, Arizona Outer space * Lyman (crater), a lunar impact crater Other uses * Lyman (name), a list of people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transfer-matrix Method (optics)
The transfer-matrix method is a method used in optics and acoustics to analyze the propagation of electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic or acoustic waves through a stratified medium; a stack of thin films. This is, for example, relevant for the design of anti-reflective coatings and dielectric mirrors. The Reflection (physics), reflection of light from a single interface between two medium (optics), media is described by the Fresnel equations. However, when there are multiple Wiktionary:interface, interfaces, such as in the figure, the reflections themselves are also partially transmitted and then partially reflected. Depending on the exact path length, these reflections can Interference (wave propagation), interfere destructively or constructively. The overall reflection of a layer structure is the sum of an infinite number of reflections. The transfer-matrix method is based on the fact that, according to Maxwell's equations, there are simple continuity conditions for the elec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
