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Flavan
The flavans are benzopyran derivatives that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2''H''-chromene skeleton. They may be found in plants. These compounds include the flavan-3-ols, flavan-4-ols and flavan-3,4-diols (leucoanthocyanidin). A ''C''-glycosidic flavan can be isolated from cocoa liquor. ''Casuarina glauca'' is an actinorhizal plant producing root nitrogen-fixing nodules infested by ''Frankia ''Frankia'' is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants, similar to the '' Rhizobium'' bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes in the family Fabaceae. ''Frankia'' also initiate the forming of ro ...''. There is a regular pattern of cell layers containing flavans. References {{Aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavan-3-ol
Flavan-3-ols (sometimes referred to as flavanols) are a subgroup of flavonoids. They are derivatives of flavans that possess a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2''H''-chromen-3-ol skeleton. Flavan-3-ols are structurally diverse and include a range of compounds, such as catechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, thearubigins. They play a part in plant defense and are present in the majority of plants. Chemical structure The single-molecule (monomer) catechin, or isomer epicatechin (see diagram), adds four hydroxyls to flavan-3-ol, making building blocks for concatenated polymers (proanthocyanidins) and higher order polymers (anthocyanidins). Flavan-3-ols possess two chiral carbons, meaning four diastereoisomers occur for each of them. They are distinguished from the yellow, ketone-containing flavonoids such as quercitin and rutin, which are called flavonol, flavonols. Early use of the term bioflavonoid was imprecisely applie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavan-4-ols
The flavan-4-ols (3-deoxyflavonoids) are flavone-derived alcohols and a family of flavonoids. Flavan-4-ols are colorless precursor compounds that polymerize to form red phlobaphene pigments. They can be found in the sorghum. Glycosides (abacopterins A, B, C and D together with triphyllin A and 6,8-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-4‘-methoxyanthocyanidin-5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) can be isolated from a methanol extract of the rhizomes of '' Abacopteris penangiana''. Known flavan-4-ols * Apiforol * Luteoforol Metabolism Flavanone 4-reductase is an enzyme that uses (2''S'')-flavan-4-ol and NADP+ to produce (2''S'')-flavanone The flavanones, a type of flavonoids, are various aromatic, colorless ketones derived from flavone that often occur in plants as glycosides. List of flavanones * Blumeatin * Butin * Dichamanetin * Eriodictyol * Hesperetin * Hesperidin * Hom ..., NADPH, and H+. Spectral data These compounds have absorption maxima of 564 nm. References {{flavan-4ol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavan-3,4-diol
Leucoanthocyanidin (flavan-3,4-diols) are colorless chemical compounds related to anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Leucoanthocyanins can be found in ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' and in several species of ''Nepenthes'' including '' N. burbidgeae'', '' N. muluensis'', '' N. rajah'', '' N. tentaculata'', and '' N. × alisaputrana''. Such compounds include: * Leucocyanidin * Leucodelphinidin * Leucofisetinidin * Leucomalvidin * Leucopelargonidin * Leucopeonidin * Leucorobinetinidin * Melacacidin * Teracacidin from '' Acacia obtusifolia'' and '' Acacia maidenii'' heartwoods Leucoanthocyanidins have been demonstrated to be intermediates in anthocyanidin biosynthesis in flowers of '' Matthiola incana''. Bate-smith recommended in 1954 the use of the Forestal solvent for the isolation of leuco-anthocyanins. Metabolism Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase uses flavan-3,4-diols to produce 3-hydroxyanthocyanidins. The gene encoding the enzyme (PpLDOX) has be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casuarina Glauca
''Casuarina glauca'', commonly known as swamp she-oak, swamp buloke, swamp she-oak, marsh sheoak, grey she-oak, grey she-oak, native pine, or guman by the Gadigal people, is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a Dioecy, dioecious tree that often forms Basal shoot, root suckers and has fissured and scaly bark, spreading or drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in Whorl (botany), whorls of 12 to 20, the fruit long containing winged seeds (Samara (fruit), samaras) long. Description ''Casuarina glauca'' is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of , sometimes to , rarely a shrub to about , and that often forms root suckers. The bark is greyish brown, fissured and scaly. The branchlets are sometimes drooping, up to long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth about long, arranged in Whorl (botany), whorls of usually 12 to 17 around the branchlets, and long and curved back when young. The sections of branchlet between the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzopyran
4H-1-Benzopyran is an organic compound with the formula . It is one of two isomers of benzopyran, the other being 2H-1-Benzopyran, 2H-1-benzopyran, which is more prevalent. It can be viewed as the fusion of a benzene ring to a heterocyclic pyran ring. Some benzopyrans have shown anticancerous activity ''in vitro''. The radical (chemistry), radical form of benzopyran is paramagnetic. The unpaired electron is delocalized over the whole benzopyran molecule, rendering it less reactive than one would expect otherwise. A similar example is the cyclopentadienyl radical. Commonly, benzopyran is encountered in the reduced state, in which it is partially saturated with one hydrogen atom, introducing a tetrahedral CH2 group in the pyran ring. Therefore, there are many structural isomers owing to the multiple possible positions of the oxygen atom and the tetrahedral carbon atom: Nomenclature According to current IUPAC nomenclature, the name chromene used in previous recommendations i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocoa Liquor
Chocolate liquor, also called cocoa liquor, paste or mass, is pure cocoa in liquid or semi-solid form. It is produced from cocoa bean nibs that have been fermented, dried, roasted, and separated from their skins. The nibs are ground to the point cocoa butter is released from the cells of the bean and melted, which turns cocoa into a paste and then into a free-flowing liquid. The liquor is either separated into (non-fat) cocoa solids and cocoa butter, or cooled and molded into blocks, which can be used as unsweetened baking chocolate. Like the nibs from which it is produced, it contains both cocoa solids and cocoa butter in roughly equal proportion. Its main use (often with additional cocoa butter) is in making chocolate. The name ''liquor'' is used not in the sense of a distilled, alcoholic substance, but rather the older meaning of the word, meaning 'liquid' or 'fluid'. The terms ''paste'' and ''mass'' are also commonly used. According to American legislation, chocolate liquo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Actinorhizal Plant
Actinorhizal plants are a group of angiosperms characterized by their ability to form a symbiosis with the nitrogen fixing actinomycetota ''Frankia''. This association leads to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Actinorhizal plants are distributed within three clades, and are characterized by nitrogen fixation. They are distributed globally, and are pioneer species in nitrogen-poor environments. Their symbiotic relationships with Frankia evolved independently over time, and the symbiosis occurs in the root nodule infection site. Classification Actinorhizal plants are Dicotyledon, dicotyledons distributed within 3 Angiosperm, orders, 8 Family (biology), families and 26 Genus, genera, of the angiosperm clade. All nitrogen fixing plants are classified under the "Nitrogen-Fixing Clade", which consists of the three actinorhizal plant orders, as well as the order fabales. The most well-known nitrogen fixing plants are the Legume, legumes, but they are not classified as act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frankia
''Frankia'' is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants, similar to the '' Rhizobium'' bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes in the family Fabaceae. ''Frankia'' also initiate the forming of root nodules. This genus was originally named by Jørgen Brunchorst, in 1886 to honor the German biologist Albert Bernhard Frank. Brunchorst considered the organism he had identified to be a filamentous fungus. redefined the genus in 1970 as containing prokaryotic actinomycetes and created the family Frankiaceae within the Actinomycetales. He retained the original name of ''Frankia'' for the genus. __TOC__ Overview Most ''Frankia'' strains are specific to different plant species. The bacteria are filamentous and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia via the enzyme nitrogenase, a process known as nitrogen fixation. They do this while living in root nodules on actinorhizal plants. The bacteria can supply most or all of the nit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
