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Fifth Modernization
"The Fifth Modernization" is an essay by human rights activist Wei Jingsheng, originally begun as a signed wall poster placed on the Democracy Wall in Beijing on December 5, 1978. Summary The poster called on the Chinese Communist Party to add democracy to the list of the Four Modernizations, which already included industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defense National security, or national defence (national defense in American English), is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government. Originally conceived ....Schell, Orville. Shambaugh, David L. 999(1999). The China reader: the reform era. Random House, Inc. , . It openly stated democracy was an additional modernization that needed to be pursued if China truly wanted to modernize itself. See also * Beijing Spring * Democracy Wall References External links"The Fifth Modernization", essay by Wei Ji ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wei Jingsheng
Wei Jingsheng (; born 20 May 1950) is a Chinese human rights activist and dissident. He is best known for his involvement in the Chinese democracy movement. He is most prominent for having authored the essay " The Fifth Modernization", which was posted on the Democracy Wall in Beijing in 1978. As punishment from the government for writing his manifesto, Wei was arrested and convicted of " counter-revolutionary" activities, and was detained as a political prisoner from 1979 to 1993. Briefly released in 1993, Wei continued to engage in his dissident activities by speaking to visiting journalists, and as punishment, he was imprisoned again from 1994 to 1997, making it a total of 18 years he has spent in various prisons. He was deported to the United States of America on 16 November 1997, on medical parole. Still a Chinese citizen, in 1998 Wei established the Wei Jingsheng Foundation in New York City (now based in Washington, D.C.) whose stated aim is to work to improve human rig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agriculture In China
Agriculture has been a cornerstone of the People's Republic of China (PRC)'s economy and culture for millennia, supporting one of the world's largest populations and driving economic development. The country produces a diverse range of crops, including rice, wheat, maize, corn, potatoes, soybeans, tomatoes, sorghum, millet, cotton, tea, fruits, vegetables, and oilseeds. Due to limited arable land—which constitutes roughly 10% of China's total land area—intensive farming practices, innovative agricultural technologies, and efficient land-use management have historically been critical in meeting domestic food demands. China's agricultural history dates back to the Neolithic era, with archaeological evidence showing early domestication and cultivation of rice and millet. Over the centuries, agricultural innovations such as the moldboard plow, advanced irrigation systems, and crop rotation significantly enhanced productivity and supported population growth. In the modern era, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Democracy Movements
Democracy movements in the People's Republic of China are a series of organized political movements, inside and outside of the country, addressing a variety of grievances, including objections to socialist bureaucratism and objections to the continuation of the one-party rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) itself. The Democracy Wall movement of November 1978 to spring 1981 is typically regarded as the beginning of contemporary Chinese democracy movement. In addition to the Democracy Wall movement, the events of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre are among the notable examples of Chinese democracy movements. History Origin The beginning of China's democracy movements is usually regarded as the Democracy Wall movement of November 1978 to spring 1981. The Democracy Wall movement framed the key issue as the elimination of bureaucratism and the bureaucratic class. Former Red Guards from both rebel and conservative factions were the core of the movement. Dem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economic History Of The People's Republic Of China
An economy is an area of the Production (economics), production, Distribution (economics), distribution and trade, as well as Consumption (economics), consumption of Goods (economics), goods and Service (economics), services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone. Economic agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideology Of The Chinese Communist Party
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) frames its ideology as Marxism–Leninism adapted to the historical context of China, often expressing it as socialism with Chinese characteristics. Major ideological contributions of the CCP's leadership are viewed as "Thought" or "Theory," with "Thought" carrying greater weight. Influential concepts include Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and Xi Jinping Thought. Other important concepts include the socialist market economy, Jiang Zemin's idea of the Three Represents, and Hu Jintao's Scientific Outlook on Development. Definition In the early days of the CCP, the prevailing nationalism and populism in 1910s China played an important part in the ideology of early communists such as Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong. On the one hand, Marxism was a spiritual utopia to the early communists, while, on the other hand, they modified or "Sinicized" some doctrines of communist ideology in a realistic and nationalist way to support their revolution in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beijing Spring
The Beijing Spring () refers to a brief period of political liberalization during the "Boluan Fanzheng" period in the People's Republic of China (PRC). It began as the Democracy Wall movement in Beijing, which occurred in 1978 and 1979, right after the end of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The name is derived from "Prague Spring", an analogous event which occurred in Czechoslovakia in 1968. History During the Beijing Spring, the general public was allowed greater freedom to criticize the government than the Chinese people had previously been allowed under the government of the People's Republic of China. Most of this criticism was directed towards the Cultural Revolution and the government's behavior during that time. It was made public with the Democracy Wall Movement, a Chinese democracy movement. 1990s The phrase "Beijing Spring" was also used during a more recent period of political thaw in the PRC from September 1997 to mid November 1998. During this 'new Beijing Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Liberation Army
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the military of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). It consists of four Military branch, services—People's Liberation Army Ground Force, Ground Force, People's Liberation Army Navy, Navy, People's Liberation Army Air Force, Air Force, and People's Liberation Army Rocket Force, Rocket Force—and four arms—People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force, Aerospace Force, People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force, Cyberspace Force, People's Liberation Army Information Support Force, Information Support Force, and People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Joint Logistics Support Force. It is led by the Central Military Commission (China), Central Military Commission (CMC) with its Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China), chairman as Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China, commander-in-chief. The PLA can trace its origins during the Republic of China (1912– ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science And Technology In China
Science and technology in the People's Republic of China have developed rapidly since the 1980s to the 2020s, with major scientific and technological progress over the last four decades. From the 1980s to the 1990s, the government of the People's Republic of China successively launched the 863 Program and the "Strategy for Rejuvenating the Country through Science and Education", which greatly promoted the development of China's science and technological institutions. Governmental focus on prioritizing the advancement of science and technology in China is evident in its allocation of funds, investment in research, reform measures, and enhanced societal recognition of these fields. These actions undertaken by the Chinese government are seen as crucial foundations for bolstering the nation's socioeconomic competitiveness and development, projecting its geopolitical influence, and elevating its national prestige and international reputation. As per the Global Innovation Index i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Industry Of China
The industrial sector comprised 36.5% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the People's Republic of China in 2024. China is the world's leading manufacturer of chemical fertilizers, cement and steel. Prior to 1978, most output was produced by state-owned enterprises. As a result of the economic reforms that followed, there was a significant increase in production by enterprises sponsored by local governments, especially townships and villages, and, increasingly, by private entrepreneurs and foreign investors, but by 1990 the state sector accounted for about 70 percent of output. By 2002 the share in gross industrial output by state-owned and state-holding industries had decreased with the state-run enterprises themselves accounting for 46 percent of China's industrial output. In November, 2012 the State Council mandated a " social risk assessment" for all major industrial projects. This requirement followed mass public protests in some locations for planned projects or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wei Jingsheng Par Claude Truong-Ngoc Novembre 2013
Wei or WEI may refer to: States * Wey (state) (衛, 1040–209 BC), ''Wèi'' in pinyin, but spelled Wey to distinguish from the bigger ''Wèi'' of the Warring States * Wei (state) (魏, 403–225 BC), one of the seven major states of the Warring States period * Cao Wei (曹魏, 220–266), ruled North China during the Three Kingdoms period * Ran Wei (冉魏, 350–352), short-lived Sixteen Kingdoms period state * Northern Wei (北魏, 386–535), ruled North China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, later split into: :*Western Wei (西魏, 535–557) :*Eastern Wei (東魏, 534–550) * Zhai Wei (翟魏, 388–392), state of Dingling/Gaoche ethnicity in China Places *Wei River, a main tributary of the Yellow River *Wei County, Handan (魏县), Hebei, China *Wei County, Xingtai (威县), Hebei, China People * Wei (given name), different variations of Chinese given names * Wei (surname), various Chinese surnames (魏, 衛, 尉, 蔿, 韋) * Wei Wei (other) Other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Four Modernizations
The Four Modernizations (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals formally announced by China's first Premier Zhou Enlai to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology in China. The Four Modernizations were adopted as a means of rejuvenating China's economy in 1977, following the death of Mao Zedong, and later were among the defining features of Deng Xiaoping's tenure as the paramount leader of China. At the beginning of " Reform and Opening-up", Deng further proposed the idea of "''xiaokang''" or "Moderately prosperous society" in 1979. Summary The Four Modernizations refer to modernization of agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. These were viewed as essential to China's economic development. They were introduced as early as January 1963 at the Conference on Scientific and Technological Work held in Shanghai, Zhou Enlai called for professionals in the scien ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democracy In China
Ideological debate over democracy in China has existed in Chinese politics since the 19th century. Chinese scholars, thinkers, and policy-makers have debated about democracy, an idea which was first imported by Western colonial powers but which some argue also has connections to classic Chinese thinking. Starting in the mid-eighteenth century, many Chinese argued about how to deal with Western culture. Though Chinese Confucians were initially opposed to Western modes of thinking, it became clear that aspects of the West were appealing. Industrialization gave the West an economic and military advantage. The Qing dynasty's defeats in the Opium Wars compelled a segment of Chinese politicians and intellectuals to rethink their notion of cultural and political superiority. Democracy entered the Chinese consciousness because it was the form of government used in the West, potentially responsible for its industrial, economic and military advancements. A segment of Chinese scholars and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
