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Federation For The Republic
Federation for the Republic (FdR, Federacja) is a Polish right-wing political party with a republican, conservative and national character. It was founded in November 2018, and registered on 12 March 2020. History On 2 November 2018 Marek Jakubiak, poseł for the 8th Sejm, declared he will exit the Kukiz’15 parliamentary group, and his desire to found a federative right-wing organization. 13 days later he announced the creation of the Federation for the Republic. Despite initially trying to form a coalition with the Right Wing of the Republic, on 6 March, FdR joined the Confederation, which was then created for the 2019 European Parliament election. 16 days later, Jakubiak cofounded the Confederation parliamentary circle. The Federation of the Republic hosted Marek Jakubiak as its candidate for the 2020 presidential election, with Marek Jakubiak gaining 33,652 votes (0.17%). In the second round, it endorsed incumbent President Andrzej Duda. In May 2023, Jakubiak returned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marek Jakubiak
Marek Jakubiak (born 30 April 1959) is a Polish politician and brewer, who has served as President of WR since 2024. He has also served as Secretary-General of Kukiz'15 since 2023. He was a member of the Sejm from 2015 to 2019, and again from 2023. In 2015, he was elected to the Sejm, starting from the Kukiz'15 list in the Płock constituency. He was not re-elected in 2019. He is a member of the Sejm again after the 2023 election. In 2020 and 2025, he ran for the office of President, earning 33,652 votes (0.17%) in the 2020 presidential election and 150,698 (0.77%) in the 2025 presidential election. Following both elections, he endorsed the Law and Justice candidate for the second round - Andrzej Duda and Karol Nawrocki Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki (born 3 March 1983) is a Polish historian and politician who is the President of Poland, president-elect of Poland since 1 June 2025. Since 2021, he has headed the Institute of National Remembrance. Previously, he was the ... in 2020 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2020 Polish Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in Poland on 28 June 2020. As no candidate received a majority of the vote, a second round was held on 12 July, in which incumbent president Andrzej Duda, running with the support of the incumbent government of the Law and Justice (Poland), Law and Justice (PiS) party, faced off against Civic Platform vice-chairman and Mayor of Warsaw Rafał Trzaskowski. In the second round Duda was re-elected for a second term with 51% of the vote, becoming the first incumbent to win re-election since Aleksander Kwaśniewski in 2000 Polish presidential election, 2000. The first round of voting was due to be held on 10 May 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. On 6 May 2020 the Agreement (political party), Agreement party, which was in a governing alliance with their senior alliance partner Law and Justice (Poland), Law and Justice (PiS) party and was opposed to pursuing the original election date, reached an arrangement to set new dates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Income Tax Threshold
The income tax threshold is the income level at which a person begins paying income taxes. The income tax threshold equates to the: *Personal allowance in the UK, which is £12,500 for 2019/20. *Basic allowance in Germany, which is €9,408 in 2020. *Income tax threshold in France, which was €6,088 in 2012. *The standard deduction in the US, which was $12,000 in 2018 for a single person. *Basic personal amount in Canada, which was C$11,809 in 2018. *Tax-free threshold in Australia, which was A$18,200 in 2023–24. *Tax-free threshold in Greece, which was €9,545 in 2016. *Tax-free threshold in Poland was 30,000 PLN in 2022. See also * Basic income guarantee *Tax bracket *Taxable income *Tax exemption Tax exemption is the reduction or removal of a liability to make a compulsory payment that would otherwise be imposed by a ruling power upon persons, property, income, or transactions. Tax-exempt status may provide complete relief from taxes, redu ... References {{Tax resista ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Pension
According to the International Labour Organization, social security is a human right that aims at reducing and preventing poverty and vulnerability throughout the life cycle of individuals. Social security includes different kinds of benefits (maternity, unemployment, disability, sickness, old age, etc.) A social pension is a stream of payments from the state to an individual that starts when someone retires and continues to be paid until death. This type of pension represents the non-contributory part of the pension system, the other being the contributory pension, as per the most common form of composition of these systems in most developed countries. History The need for a social pension dates back to the Industrial Revolution, when the new economic system boosted the mobility of workers, but loosened ties between family members, whose solidarity was protecting people from personal economic deprivation. This, along with impractical voluntary thrift and insurance, resulted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Democracy
Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which the Election#Electorate, electorate directly decides on policy initiatives, without legislator, elected representatives as proxies, as opposed to the representative democracy model which occurs in the majority of established democracies. The theory and practice of direct democracy and participation as its common characteristic constituted the core of the work of many theorists, philosophers, politicians, and social critics, among whom the most important are Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, and G. D. H. Cole, G.D.H. Cole. Overview In direct democracy the people decide on policies without any intermediary or representative, whereas in a representative democracy people vote for representatives who then enact policy initiatives. Depending on the particular system in use, direct democracy might entail passing executive decisions, the use of sortition, making laws, directly electing or dismissing officials, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Single-member District
A single-member district or constituency is an electoral district represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a multi-member district, which is represented by multiple officeholders. In some countries, such as Australia and India, members of the lower house of parliament are elected from single-member districts, while members of the upper house are elected from multi-member districts. In some other countries, such as Singapore, members of parliament can be elected from either single-member or multi-member districts. History in the United States The United States Constitution, ratified in 1789, states: "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States...Representatives...shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers." In other words, the Constitution specifies that each state will be apportioned a number of representa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Presidential System
A presidential, strong-president, or single-executive system (sometimes also congressional system) is a form of government in which a head of government (usually titled " president") heads an executive branch that derives its authority and legitimacy from a source that is separate from the legislative branch. The system was popularized by its inclusion in the Constitution of the United States. This head of government is often also the head of state. In a presidential system, the head of government is directly or indirectly elected by a group of citizens and is not responsible to the legislature, and the legislature cannot dismiss the president except in extraordinary cases. A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system, where the head of government (usually called a prime minister) derives their power from the confidence of an elected legislature, which can dismiss the prime minister with a simple majority. Not all presidential systems use the title of ''p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Dmowski
Roman Stanisław Dmowski Polish: (9 August 1864 – 2 January 1939) was a Polish right-wing politician, statesman, and co-founder and chief ideologue of the National Democracy (abbreviated "ND": in Polish, "''Endecja''") political movement active during the interwar period. While he never wielded significant political power except for a brief period in 1923 as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dmowski was one of the most influential Polish ideologues and politicians of his time. A controversial personality most of his life, Dmowski desired a homogeneous, Polish-speaking and Roman Catholic-practicing nation. Throughout most of his life, he was the chief ideological opponent of the Polish military and political leader Józef Piłsudski and of the latter's vision of Prometheism, a multi-ethnic Poland reminiscent of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a result, Dmowski's nationalist rhetoric actively marginalized other ethnic groups living in Poland, particularly those in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2025 Polish Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in Poland on . As no candidate received a majority of the vote, a second round was held on . The Term limit, outgoing president Andrzej Duda was ineligible for re-election. The election saw the largest number of candidates since the 1995 Polish presidential election, 1995 presidential election, with 13 candidates running for president. The second round was won by conservative candidate Karol Nawrocki who was backed by the Law and Justice (PiS) party. The Third Cabinet of Donald Tusk, incumbent government supported candidate Rafał Trzaskowski, the Mayor of Warsaw and runner-up of the 2020 Polish presidential election, 2020 election, who came first in the first round of voting, followed by Nawrocki. The right-wing candidates, Nawrocki, Sławomir Mentzen (New Hope (Poland), New Hope) and Grzegorz Braun of the Confederation of the Polish Crown overperformed polls, winning 29.5%, 14.8% and 6.3% respectively, coming in second, third and fourth. Centris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law And Justice
Law and Justice ( , PiS) is a Right-wing populism, right-wing populist and National conservatism, national-conservative List of political parties in Poland, political party in Poland. The party is a member of European Conservatives and Reformists Group. Its chairman has been Jarosław Kaczyński since 18 January 2003. It was founded in 2001 by Jarosław and Lech Kaczyński as a direct successor of the Centre Agreement after it split from the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS). It won the 2005 Polish parliamentary election, 2005 parliamentary and 2005 Polish presidential election, presidential elections, after which Lech became the president of Poland. It headed a parliamentary coalition with the League of Polish Families and Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland between 2005 and the 2007 Polish parliamentary election, 2007 election. It placed second and they remained in the parliamentary opposition until 2015. It regained the presidency in the 2015 Polish presidential elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2023 Polish Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 15 October 2023 to elect members of the Sejm and Senate of Poland, Senate. A 2023 Polish referendum, referendum containing four questions concerning economic and immigration policy of the government was held simultaneously. In the previous 2019 Polish parliamentary election, the ruling right-wing Law and Justice (Poland), Law and Justice Party (PiS) had held onto its majority in the Sejm with Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki forming Second Cabinet of Mateusz Morawiecki, a second government. The PiS sought to win a third term which would be unprecedented in Polish history. The opposition, including the Civic Platform, Civic Platform Party and others, secured a Senate majority. In the lead-up to the 2023 elections, opposition leader and former prime minister, Donald Tusk, led the Civic Coalition (Poland), Civic Coalition political alliance in opposition to the PiS. The United Right (Poland), United Right alliance placed first for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
