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Farmanfarma
Farmanfarma (, lit. "giver of an order") was a title with three different meanings in Safavid Iran, Safavid and Qajar Iran, Qajar Iran. #The Safavid shahs (kings) and their officials used ''farmanfarma'' (sometimes used interchangeably with ''farmanrava'' and ''farmanda'') as a common way to address European monarchs. #For notable governor-generals, ''farmanfarma'' was employed as a form of addressing them, either in place of or in addition to their official titles, ''hokmran'' and ''Wali (administrative title), vali''. In the late 19th century, for example, the Qajar princes Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, Mozaffar ad-Din Mirza, Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan, and Farhad Mirza were referred to as ''farmanfarma,'' ''hokmran'', and ''vali'' of Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan, Isfahan, and Fars province, Fars, respectively. #Five prince-governors and a tribal khan-governor received ''farmanfarma'' as a personal title. Fath-Ali Shah Qajar () started this tradition in 1797, when he gave the titl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma
Abdol-Hossein Farman-Farma (; 1857 – November 1939) was a prominent Iranian prince of the Qajar dynasty and one of the most influential Iranian politicians in the Qajar Iran, Qajar era. Born in Tabriz to Firuz Mirza, Prince Nosrat Dowleh Firouz in 1857, he was the 16th grandson of the Qajar crown prince Abbas Mirza. He fathered 26 sons and 13 daughters by 8 wives. He lived to see four sons of his first wife die within his lifetime. Biography Prince Abdol-Hossein Farmanfarma was born to Nosrat Dowleh Firouz Mirza, Prince Nosrat Dowleh Firouz and Hajieh Homa Khanoum in 1858 in Tabriz, and was a grandson of the Qajar crown prince Abbas Mirza. He was extensively educated at home by private tutors in traditional subjects such as poetry, literature, mathematics, Arabic, and religion, along with modern sciences and Western languages. In 1878, at age 21, he continued his education at the Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia, Austrian Military Academy in Tehran, where he dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hossein Ali Mirza
Hossein Ali Mirza (; 26 August 1789 – 16 January 1835), a son of Fath-Ali Shah (1797–1834), was the Governor of Fars and pretender to the throne of Qajar Iran. As governor, Ali Mirza restored Shah Cheragh, following its devastation in a 1795 earthquake. He opened the tombs of the Achaemenid shahs to obtain gold, but found them empty. During his rule, the city of Shiraz was subjected to high taxation and low security. Ali Mirza gained independence from the government of Hajji Mohammad Hossein Isfahani, rented Bushehr ports to the British and stopped paying taxes after 1828, thus going 200,000 tomans in tax arrears to the crown. After Fath-Ali Shah's death, Prince Mohammad Mirza was crowned shah as Mohammad Shah Qajar, but Ali Mirza formerly as the fifth in line for the throne, led a revolt and entitled himself as Hossein Ali Shah. After two months he was defeated in Shiraz by Manuchehr Khan Gorji. On the orders of Mohammad Shah, Ali Mirza was blinded and imprisoned in Ard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Firuz Mirza
Firuz Mirza Nosrat ad-Dowleh Farmanfarma (; 1817 – 4 April 1886) was a Qajar prince, military commander and administrator in 19th-century Iran. He was the sixteenth son of Abbas Mirza. During the rule of his brother Mohammad Shah Qajar (), Firuz Mirza had a prosperous political and military career. This continued under his nephew Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (), who appointed him to multiple governorships and other leading positions. He was also a scholar and an expert with the kamancheh, a bowed string instrument. The current Firuz and Farmanfarmaian families are descended from the offspring of Firuz Mirza and his wife Homa Khanom, the granddaughter of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (). One of them were their son Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma. Firuz Mirza's daughter Najm al-Saltaneh was the mother of Iranian politician Mohammad Mosaddegh Mohammad Mosaddegh (, ; 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 30th Prime Minister of Iran from 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mozaffar Ad-Din Shah Qajar
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar (; 23 March 1853 – 3 January 1907) was the fifth Qajar shah of Iran, reigning from 1896 until his death in 1907. He is often credited with the creation of the Persian Constitution of 1906, which he approved of in one of his final acts as shah. Biography Mozaffar ad-Din was born on 23 March 1853 in Tehran, the capital of Iran. He was the fourth son of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (). His mother was Shokouh al-Saltaneh, a daughter of Fath-Ali Mirza and a granddaughter of the second Qajar shah Fath-Ali Shah (). Mozaffar al-Din was named crown prince and sent as governor to the northern province of Azerbaijan in 1861. His father, Naser al-Din Shah ruled Iran for close to 48 years. Mozaffar al-Din spent his 35 years as crown prince in the pursuit of pleasure; his relations with his father were frequently strained, and he was not consulted in important matters of state. Thus, when he ascended the throne in May 1896, he was unprepared for the burdens of of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (; 5 August 1772 – 24 October 1834) was the second Shah of Qajar Iran. He reigned from 17 June 1797 until his death on 24 October 1834. His reign saw the irrevocable ceding of Iran's northern territories in the Caucasus, comprising what is nowadays Georgia (country), Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Persian Wars of Russo-Persian War (1804–1813), 1804–1813 and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), 1826–1828 and the resulting treaties of Treaty of Gulistan, Gulistan and Treaty of Turkmenchay, Turkmenchay., page 728 These two treaties are closely tied to Fath-Ali Shah's legacy amongst Iranians, who often view him as a weak ruler. Fath-Ali Shah successfully reconstituted his realm from a mostly Turkic tribal khanship into a centralized and stable monarchy based on the old imperial design. At the end of his reign, his difficult economic problems and military and technological liabilities took Iran to the verge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fereydun Mirza
Fereydun Mirza () was a Qajar prince, governor and poet in 19th-century Iran. The fifth son of Abbas Mirza, he held the governorships of Tabriz (1833–1834), Fars (1836–1840), and Khorasan (1851–1854). Biography Fereydun Mirza was the fifth son of the Qajar prince Abbas Mirza. Favored by his father since he was a little boy, he was appointed vice-governor of Azerbaijan in 1831 when Abbas Mirza traveled to put down an uprising in Khorasan. Following Abbas Mirza's death in 1833, Fereydun Mirza served as the governor of Tabriz during the governorship of Azerbaijan by his elder brother, the crown prince Mohammad Mirza. After Mohammad Mirza (now known by his regnal name Mohammad Shah) became the new shah (king) of Iran in 1834, Fereydun Mirza commanded the imperial army against the Turkmens in Gorgan, conquering Qari Qal'a. As a reward, Fereydun Mirza was given the title of ''farmanfarma'' and the governorship of Fars in 1836. Mirza Taqi Qavam-al-Dawla was appointed as his min ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greater Khorasan
KhorasanDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Tehran, Zavvâr: 1375 (Solar Hijri Calendar) 235–236 (; , ) is a historical eastern region in the Iranian Plateau in West Asia, West and Central Asia that encompasses western and northern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, the eastern halves of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, and portions of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. The extent of the region referred to as ''Khorasan'' varied over time. In its stricter historical sense, it comprised the present territories of Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran, parts of Afghanistan and southern parts of Central Asia, extending as far as the Amu Darya (Oxus) river. However, the name has often been used in a loose sense to include a wider region that included most of Transoxiana (encompassing Bukhara and Samarqand in present-day Uzbekistan), extended westward to the Caspian Sea, Caspian coast and to the Dasht-e Kavir southward to Sistan, and eastward to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamadan
Hamadan ( ; , ) is a mountainous city in western Iran. It is located in the Central District of Hamadan County in Hamadan province, serving as the capital of the province, county, and district. As of the 2016 Iranian census, it had a population of 554,406 people in 174,731 households. Hamadan is believed to be among the oldest Iranian cities. It was referred to in classical sources as Ecbatana ( Old Persian ). It is possible that it was occupied by the Assyrians in 1100BCE; the Ancient Greek historian, Herodotus, states that it was the capital of the Medes, around 700BCE. Hamadan is situated in a green mountainous area in the foothills of the 3,574-meter Alvand Mountain, in midwestern Iran. The city is 1,850meters above sea level. It is located approximately southwest of Tehran. The old city and its historic sites attract tourists during the summer. The major sights of this city are the Ganj Nameh inscription, the Avicenna monument and the Baba Taher monument. The m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbas Mirza
Abbas Mirza (; 26 August 1789 – 25 October 1833) was the Qajar dynasty, Qajar crown prince of Qajar Iran, Iran during the reign of his father Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (). As governor of the vulnerable Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan province, he played a crucial part in the two wars against the Russian Empire (Russo-Persian War (1804–1813), 1804–1813 and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), 1826–1828), as well as the Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823), war of 1821–1823 against the Ottoman Empire. He is also recognized for leading Iran's first reform and modernization attempts with the help of his ministers Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam and Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam. The conflict in the Azerbaijan and Caucasus regions between Iran and the Russian Empire was prevalent throughout the time that Abbas Mirza was growing up. On March 20, 1799, he was made the crown prince and given the title of ''Nayeb-al-saltana'' (viceregent). Around the same time, he was appointed the governor of Azerbaijan, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safavid Iran
The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the beginning of History of Iran, modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. The Safavid List of monarchs of Persia, Shāh Ismail I, Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shia Islam, Shīʿa Islam as the Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam, official religion of the empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. An Iranian dynasty rooted in the Sufi Safavid order founded by sheikhs claimed by some sources to be of Kurds, Kurdish origin, it heavily intermarried with Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman, Georgians, Georgian, Circassians, Circassian, and Pontic Greeks, Pontic GreekAnthony Bryer. "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29'' (1975), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qajar Iran
The Guarded Domains of Iran, alternatively the Sublime State of Iran and commonly called Qajar Iran, Qajar Persia or the Qajar Empire, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic peoples, Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani. ''Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power'', I. B. Tauris, 2000, , p. 1William Bayne Fisher. ''Cambridge History of Iran'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, Dr Parviz Kambin, ''A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire'', Universe, 2011, p.36online edition specifically from the Qajar (tribe), Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925. The Qajar family played a pivotal role in the Unification of Iran (1779–1796), deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease, putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. He was formally crowned as Shah after his Batt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isfahan
Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city has a population of approximately 2,220,000, making it the third-most populous city in Iran, after Tehran and Mashhad, and the second-largest metropolitan area. Isfahan is located at the intersection of the two principal routes that traverse Iran, north–south and east–west. Isfahan flourished between the 9th and 18th centuries. Under the Safavid Iran, Safavid Empire, Isfahan became the capital of Iran, for the second time in its history, under Abbas the Great. It is known for its Persian architecture, Persian–Islamic architecture, Muslim architecture, grand boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, tiled mosques, and minarets. Isfahan also has many historical buildings, monuments, paintings, and artifacts. The fame of Isfahan led to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
