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Externalization (other)
Externalization may refer to: * Externalization (migration), efforts by countries to prevent migrants reaching their borders * Externalization (psychology), Freudian psychology, an unconscious defense mechanism by which an individual projects their own internal characteristics onto the outside world. ** External memory (psychology) * Cost externalization In economics, an externality is an indirect cost (external cost) or indirect benefit (external benefit) to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's (or parties') activity. Externalities can be considered as unpriced ..., the socioeconomic practice of maximizing profits by off-loading indirect costs and forcing negative effects or ''externalities'' to a third party * Sound externalization, see virtual acoustic space See also * External (other) * Externalizing disorder * Internalization (other) {{dab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Externalization (migration)
Externalization describes the efforts of wealthy, developed countries to prevent asylum seekers and other migrants from reaching their borders, often by enlisting third countries or private entities, including criminal groups. Externalization is used by Australia, Canada, the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom. Although less visible than physical barriers at international borders, externalization controls or restricts mobility in ways that are out of sight and far from the country's border. Examples include visa restrictions, sanctions for carriers that transport asylum seekers, and agreements with source and transit countries. Consequences often include increased irregular migration, human smuggling, and border deaths. History According to sociologist David Scott FitzGerald, "Measures to keep people from reaching sanctuary are as old as the asylum tradition itself." The main technologies of externalization were developed in the 1930s and 1940s in order to r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Externalization (psychology)
Externalization is a term used in psychoanalytic theory which describes the tendency to project one's internal states onto the outside world. It is generally regarded as an unconscious defense mechanism, thus the person is unaware they are doing it. Externalization takes on a different meaning in narrative therapy, where the client is encouraged to externalize a problem in order to gain a new perspective on it. This concept originally stems from Freud's theory of projection, proposed in the early 20th century, and was regarded as one of his primary defense mechanisms. Compared to projection, externalization carries a broader and more generalized significance. Over years of evolution and interdisciplinary integration, externalization has come to be seen as a process through which humans engage with, interact with, and influence the external world. In this broader interpretation, externalization is often viewed as a conscious process. By the late 20th century, externalization was suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
External Memory (psychology)
External memory is memory that uses cues from the environment to aid remembrance of ideas and sensations. When a person uses something beside one's own internal memory tricks, traits, or talents to help them remember certain events, facts, or even things to do, they are using an external memory aid. External memory aids are used every day. A large part of these aids come from technology; people use their smartphones to remind them when they have meetings and Facebook reminds people of their friends' birthdays. These aids also include taking notes in class, carrying a grocery list to the supermarket, or jotting down dates on a planner. Even people, or prompters, can be used as external memory aids. Oral tradition and the externalization of memory In Phaedrus (dialogue), Plato's ''Phaedrus'', Socrates tells the story of how Theuth, the Egyptian god and inventor of writing, approached the king of Egypt, Themis, in order to offer the Egyptian people what he regarded as a branch of lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cost Externalization
In economics, an externality is an indirect cost (external cost) or indirect benefit (external benefit) to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's (or parties') activity. Externalities can be considered as unpriced components that are involved in either consumer or producer consumption. Air pollution from motor vehicles is one example. The cost of air pollution to society is not paid by either the producers or users of motorized transport. Water pollution from mills and factories are another example. All (water) consumers are made worse off by pollution but are not compensated by the market for this damage. The concept of externality was first developed by Alfred Marshall in the 1890s and achieved broader attention in the works of economist Arthur Pigou in the 1920s. The prototypical example of a negative externality is environmental pollution. Pigou argued that a tax, equal to the marginal damage or marginal external cost, (later called a "Pigouv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sound Externalization
In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human physiology and psychology, sound is the ''reception'' of such waves and their ''perception'' by the brain. Only acoustic waves that have frequencies lying between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz, the audio frequency range, elicit an auditory percept in humans. In air at atmospheric pressure, these represent sound waves with wavelengths of to . Sound waves above 20 kHz are known as ultrasound and are not audible to humans. Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as infrasound. Different animal species have varying hearing ranges, allowing some to even hear ultrasounds. Definition Sound is defined as "(a) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evok ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virtual Acoustic Space
Virtual acoustic space (VAS), also known as virtual auditory space, is a technique in which sounds presented over headphones appear to originate from any desired direction in space. The illusion of a virtual sound source outside the listener's head is created. Sound localization cues generate an externalized percept When one listens to sounds over headphones (in what is known as the "closed field") the sound source appears to arise from center of the head. On the other hand, under normal, so-called free-field, listening conditions sounds are perceived as being externalized. The direction of a sound in space (see sound localization) is determined by the brain when it analyses the interaction of incoming sound with head and external ears. A sound arising to one side reaches the near ear before the far ear (creating an interaural time difference, ITD), and will also be louder at the near ear (creating an interaural level difference, ILD – also known as interaural intensity diff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
External (other)
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External may refer to: * Externality, in economics, the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit * Externals, a fictional group of X-Men antagonists See also * *Internal (other) Internal may refer to: *Internality as a concept in behavioural economics *Neijia, internal styles of Chinese martial arts *Neigong or "internal skills", a type of exercise in meditation associated with Daoism * ''Internal'' (album) by Safia, 2016 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Externalizing Disorder
Externalizing disorders (or externalising disorders) are mental disorders characterized by externalizing behaviors, maladaptive behaviors directed toward an individual's environment, which cause impairment or interference in life functioning. In contrast to individuals with internalizing disorders who internalize (keep inside) their maladaptive emotions and cognitions, such feelings and thoughts are externalized (manifested outside) in behavior in individuals with externalizing disorders. Externalizing disorders are often specifically referred to as disruptive behavior disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder) or conduct problems which occur in childhood. Externalizing disorders, however, are also manifested in adulthood. For example, alcohol- and substance-related disorders and antisocial personality disorder are adult externalizing disorders. Externalizing psychopathology is associated with antisocial behavior, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
