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European Standards Organizations
European Standards, sometimes called Euronorm (abbreviated EN, from the German name , "European Norm"), are technical standards which have been ratified by one of the three European Standards Organizations (ESO): European Committee for Standardization (CEN), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), or European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). All ENs are designed and created by all standards organizations and interested parties through a transparent, open, and consensual process. European Standards are a key component of the Single European Market. They are crucial in facilitating trade and have high visibility among manufacturers inside and outside the European territory. A standard represents a model specification, a technical solution against which a market can trade. European Standards must be transposed into a national standard in all EU member states. This guarantees that a manufacturer has easier access to the market of all these Europ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Technical Standard
A technical standard is an established Social norm, norm or requirement for a repeatable technical task which is applied to a common and repeated use of rules, conditions, guidelines or characteristics for products or related processes and production methods, and related management systems practices. A technical standard includes definition of terms; classification of components; delineation of procedures; specification of dimensions, materials, performance, designs, or operations; measurement of quality and quantity in describing materials, processes, products, systems, services, or practices; test methods and sampling procedures; or descriptions of fit and measurements of size or strength. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes, and practices. In contrast, a custom, convention, company product, corporate standard, and so forth that becomes generally accepted and dominant is often called a ''de facto'' standar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2000
2000 was designated as the International Year for the Culture of Peace and the World Mathematics, Mathematical Year. Popular culture holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium, because of a tendency to group the years according to decimal values, as if non-existent year zero was counted. According to the Gregorian calendar, these distinctions fall to the year 2001, because the 1st century was retroactively said to start with the year AD 1. Since the Gregorian calendar does not have year zero, its first millennium spanned from years 1 to 1000 inclusively and its second millennium from years 1001 to 2000. (For further information, see century and millennium.) The year 2000 is sometimes abbreviated as "Y2K" (the "Y" stands for "year", and the "K" stands for "kilo-, kilo" which means "thousand"). The year 2000 was the subject of Year 2000 problem, Y2K concerns, which were fears that computers would not shift from 1999 to 2000 correctl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of EN Standards
European Standards (abbreviated EN, from the German name ("European standard")) are technical standards drafted and maintained by CEN (European Committee for Standardization), CENELEC ( European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). EN 1–999 * EN 1: Flued oil stoves with vaporizing burners * EN 2: Classification of fires * EN 3: Portable fire extinguishers * EN 14: Dimensions of bed blankets * EN 19: Industrial valves – Marking of metallic valves * EN 20: Wood preservatives. * EN 26: Gas-fired instantaneous water heaters for the production of domestic hot water * EN 40-1: Lighting columns - Part 1: Definitions and terms * EN 40-2: Lighting columns - Part 2: General requirements and dimensions * EN 40-3-1: Lighting columns - Part 3-1: Design and verification - Specification for characteristic loads * EN 40-3-2: Lighting columns - Part 3-2: Design and verification - Verification by testing * EN 40 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malamud Decision
In the Malamud decision, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) held on 5 March 2024 in Case C-588/21 P that there may be an overriding public interest in the dissemination of harmonised European standards. Background Carl Malamud had requested access to several European standards for his organisation public.resource.org. The European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the primary Executive (government), executive arm of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with a number of European Commissioner, members of the Commission (directorial system, informall ... refused to make the requested European standards for toy safety available free of charge, whereupon Malamud filed a lawsuit. The ECJ ruled that those harmonised technical standards (HTN) that are mandatory are part of Union law. As the principle of the rule of law requires free access to Union law, these standards must be accessible free of charge. However, the Court did not generally rule ou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union Law
European Union law is a system of Supranational union, supranational Law, laws operating within the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). It has grown over time since the 1952 founding of the European Coal and Steel Community, to promote peace, social justice, a social market economy with full employment, and environmental protection. The Treaties of the European Union agreed to by member states form its constitutional structure. EU law is interpreted by, and EU case law is created by, the judicial branch, known collectively as the Court of Justice of the European Union. Legal Act of the European Union, Legal Acts of the EU are created by a variety of European Union legislative procedure, EU legislative procedures involving the popularly elected European Parliament, the Council of the European Union (which represents member governments), the European Commission (a cabinet which is elected jointly by the Council and Parliament) and sometimes the European Council (composed o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Court Of Justice
The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially the Court of Justice (), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application across all EU member states under Article 263 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Court was established in 1952, and is based in Luxembourg. It is composed of one judge per Member State – currently – although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or fifteen judges. The Court has been led by president Koen Lenaerts since 2015. The ECJ is the highest court of the European Union in matters of Union law, but not national law. It is not possible to appeal against the decisions of national courts in the ECJ, but rather national courts refer questions of EU law to the ECJ. However, it is ultimately for the national court to apply the resulting interpre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regulation (EU) No
Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example: * in government, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the delegated legislation which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including land-use regulation * in economy: regulatory economics * in finance: financial regulation * in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and, * in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis; * in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals. Forms Regulation in the social, political ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Legislative Framework
The New Legislative Framework is a framework to design legislation, aiming to improve the internal market of the European Union. Adopted in 2008, it "aims to improve the internal market for goods and strengthen the conditions for placing a wide range of products on the EU market". The framework aims to " mprove market surveillance rules, etclear and transparent rules for the accreditation of conformity assessment bodies, oostthe quality of and confidence in the conformity assessment of products," clarify the meaning of CE marking, and " stablisha common legal framework for industrial products". Enacted as a package of two laws in 2008 that were later amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/1020, it is the successor of previous frameworks – the New Approach (Council Resolution of 7 May 1985) and the Global Approach (Council Resolution of 21 December 1989). As with its predecessors, the technical specifications of products meeting the essential requirements set out in the directives are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directive 2001/95/EC
This list of European Union Directives is ordered by theme to follow EU law. For a date based list, see the :European Union directives by number. From 1 January 1992 to 31 December 2014, numbers assigned by the General Secretariat of the Council followed adoption, for instance: Directive 2010/75/EU. Since 2015, acts have been numbered following the pattern (domain) YYYY/N, for instance "Regulation (EU) 2016/1627" with * domain being "EU" for the European Union, "Euratom" for the European Atomic Energy Community, "EU, Euratom" for the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, "CFSP" for the Common Foreign and Security Policy * year being the 4 digit year * the sequential number. Some older directives had an ordinal number in their name, for instance: "First Council Directive 73/239/EEC". Free movement and trade Goods *Commission Directive 66/683/EEC of 7 November 1966 eliminating all differences between the treatment of national products and that of products w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regulation (EU) 2023/988
The General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR) is a European regulation on consumer protection. It replaces Directive 2001/95/EC on general product safety. The regulation is intended to ensure that products placed on the market in the European internal market do not endanger the health and safety of consumers through a high level of consumer protection. Scope The regulation applies to products placed on the market or made available in the EU. If certain other harmonized legal provisions apply to these products, they are fully or partially exempt from certain obligations, such as the assessment through an internal risk analysis. Some categories of products, like medicinal products, are exempt. The scope of the regulation includes economic operators such as fulfillment service providers and online marketplace operators. Economic operators The GPSR establishes in §3(13) the following roles for economic operators: * Manufacturer * Authorised representative * Importer * Dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Standardization Organization
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO ; ; ) is an independent, non-governmental, international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries. Membership requirements are given in Article 3 of the ISO Statutes. ISO was founded on 23 February 1947, and () it has published over 25,000 international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing. It has over 800 technical committees (TCs) and subcommittees (SCs) to take care of standards development. The organization develops and publishes international standards in technical and nontechnical fields, including everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, transport, IT, agriculture, and healthcare. More specialized topics like electrical and electronic engineering are instead handled by the International Electrotechnical Commission.Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 June 2021.Internatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austrian Standards International
Austrian Standards International (formerly ), abbreviated ASI, is a standards organization and the International Organization for Standardization, ISO member body for Austria. History Its predecessor organization, the ''Österreichischer Normenausschuss für Industrie und Gewerbe'' (Austrian Standards Committee for Industry and Trade), was founded in the First Republic of Austria on 23 September 1920, with 13 committees developing technical standards primarily for mechanical engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering. The first standard was published in 1921 on metric screw threads. In 1932, the committee's name was shortened to the ''Österreichischer Normenausschuss'' (Austrian Standards Committee). With the Austrian ''Anschluss'' to Nazi Germany in 1938, it became a branch office of the German ''Deutsches Institut für Normung'' (DIN) standards organization, but resumed operations in its own right after World War II, and was a founding ISO member in 1946. The 1954 Fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
