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Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo
The National Liberation Front (, ''Ethnikó Apeleftherotikó Métopo'', EAM) was an alliance of various political parties and organizations which fought to liberate Greece from Axis Occupation. It was the main movement of the Greek Resistance during the occupation of Greece. Its main driving force was the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), but its membership throughout the occupation included several other leftist and republican groups. ΕΑΜ became the first true mass social movement in modern Greek history. Its military wing, the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS), quickly grew into the largest armed guerrilla force in the country, and the only one with nationwide presence. At the same time, from late 1943 onwards, the political enmity between ΕΑΜ and rival resistance groups from the centre and right evolved into a virtual civil war, while its relationship with the British and the British-backed Greek government in exile was characterized by mutual mistrust, leading EAM ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Language
Greek (, ; , ) is an Indo-European languages, Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic languages, Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, Caucasus, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the list of languages by first written accounts, longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system is the Greek alphabet, which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with the epics of Homer, ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in the European canon. Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialist Party Of Greece
The Socialist Party of Greece (, ΣΚΕ; SKE) was a political party in Greece. History The party was formed in 1920, as an anti-Comintern minority split away at the second congress of the Socialist Labour Party of Greece. The group that founded the Greek Socialist Party was led by A. Sideris. The party was active in trade unions, and in 1931 the leading party member Dimitris Stratis was elected General Secretary of the General Confederation of Greek Workers (G.S.E.E.).Braunthal, Julius (ed). ''Yearbook of the International Socialist Labour Movement''. Vol. I. London: Lincolns-Prager International Yearbook Pub. Co, 1957. p. 259. The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1931, and again in 1933. In 1931, a group broke away from the party and founded the Independent Socialist Party. Stratis was the leader of the splinter party. The Independent Socialist Party was very short-lived, though, and the following year Stratis returned to the Sociali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Terror (Greece)
In Greece, the White Terror () was the period of persecution of members of the Communist Party of Greece, Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and other former members of the leftist World War II-era Greek Resistance, resistance organization National Liberation Front (Greece), National Liberation Front (EAM) in 1945–1946, prior to the outbreak of the Greek Civil War. The term is used in Greece in an analogy to White Terror (other), similar cases elsewhere. Background During the Axis occupation of Greece, the Communist Party of Greece, communist-dominated EAM-ELAS had become the major organization within the Greek Resistance movement. By the summer of 1944, with an estimated membership of between half and two million, and disposing of some 150,000 fighters, it dwarfed its nearest non-communist rivals, EDES and National and Social Liberation, EKKA. Mounting tensions between itself and the other rival groups, sparked by ideology as well as EAM-ELAS' ambition to be the sole inst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dekemvriana
The ''Dekemvriana'' (, "December events") refers to a series of clashes fought during World War II in Athens from 3 December 1944 to 11 January 1945. The conflict was the culmination of months of tension between the left-wing National Liberation Front (Greece), EAM, some parts of its military arm, the Greek People's Liberation Army, ELAS, stationed in Athens, the Communist Party of Greece, KKE and the Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle, OPLA from one side and from the other side, the , some parts of the Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East, Hellenic Royal Army, the Hellenic Gendarmerie, the Cities Police, the Organization X, among others and also the British Army. Regardless of the tensions between the left and the right, in May 1944 it had been roughly agreed in the Lebanon Conference that all non-collaborationist factions would participate in a Government of National Unity; eventually 6 out of 24 ministers were appointed by EAM. Additionally, a few week ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgios Papandreou
Georgios Papandreou (, ''Geórgios Papandréou''; 13 February 1888 – 1 November 1968) was a Greek politician, the founder of the Papandreou political dynasty. He served three terms as the prime minister of Greece (1944–1945, 1963, 1964–1965). He was also deputy prime minister from 1950 to 1952, in the governments of Nikolaos Plastiras and Sofoklis Venizelos. He served numerous times as a cabinet minister, starting in 1923, in a political career that spanned more than five decades. Early life Papandreou was born Georgios Stavropoulos at Kalentzi, in the Achaea region of the northern Peloponnese. He was the son of Father Andreas Stavropoulos, an Orthodox archpriest (protopresvyteros). His last name is derived from his father's Christian name and the word ''papas'' "priest". He studied law in Athens and political science in Berlin. His political philosophy was heavily influenced by German social democracy. As a result, he was adamantly opposed to the monarchy and supp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lebanon Conference
The Lebanon conference () was held on May 17–20, 1944, between representatives of the Greek government in exile, the pre-war Greek political parties, and the major Greek Resistance organizations, with the British ambassador Reginald Leeper in attendance. The conference occurred after an anti-monarchist mutiny among the Greek military the previous month. PM Georgios Papandreou's policy was to create a National Unity government ("National Contract") with the participation of the communist-dominated EAM. Finally there was a partial agreement, though tensions and disagreements remained. Delegates * Georgios Papandreou, Prime Minister of the Greek government in exile * Sofoklis Venizelos, , and of the Liberal Party * for the People's Party * for the National People's Party () * Georgios Sakalis for the Progressive Party * for the * Ioannis Sofianopoulos for the Union of the Left (Ένωση Αριστερών) * Panagiotis Kanellopoulos for the National Unionist Party ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Committee Of National Liberation
The Political Committee of National Liberation (, ''Politiki Epitropi Ethnikis Apeleftherosis'', PEEA), commonly known as the "Mountain Government" (, ''Kivernisi tou Vounou''), was a Communist Party-dominated government established in Greece in 1944 in opposition to both the collaborationist German-controlled government in Athens and to the royal government-in-exile in Cairo who were in support of the collaborationists. It was integrated with the Greek government-in-exile in a national unity government at the Lebanon conference in May 1944. Background Establishment The PEEA was established on 10 March 1944 by the leftist National Liberation Front (EAM)/ Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) movement, which was then in control of much of the country. Its aims, according to its founding charter, were, "to intensify the struggle against the conquerors ... for full national liberation, for the consolidation of the independence and integrity of our country (...) and for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Government In Exile
The Greek government-in-exile was formed in 1941, in the aftermath of the Battle of Greece and the subsequent occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The government-in-exile was based first in South Africa, then London, then, finally, from mid-1943, in Cairo, Egypt. There it came to be referred to as the "Cairo Government" (). It was the internationally recognised government during the years of the Axis occupation of Greece. It was headed by King George II, who evacuated Athens in April 1941 after the German invasion of the country, first to the island of Crete and then to Cairo, then to South Africa and London before returning to Cairo. He remained there until the German occupying forces withdrew from the country on 17 October 1944. The British wielded a significant amount of influence over the government-in-exile. Until 1944 it was also recognized as the legal Greek government by all Greek Resistance forces. In the occupied Greece, alongside the Axis-control ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guerrilla
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, Partisan (military), partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians, which may include Children in the military, recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, Raid (military), raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violence, violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgency, insurgent forces. Although the term "guerrilla warfare" was coined in the context of the Peninsular War in the 19th century, the tactical methods of guerrilla warfare have long been in use. In the 6th century Anno Domini, BC, Sun Tzu proposed the use of guerrilla-style tactics in ''The Art of War''. The 3rd century BC Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus is also credited with inventing many of the tactics of guerrilla warfare through what is today called the Fabian strategy, and in Chin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Greek History
The history of modern Greece covers the history of Greece from the recognition by the Great Powers — the United Kingdom, France and Russia — of its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1828 to the present day. Background The Byzantine Empire had ruled most of the Greek-speaking world since late Antiquity, but experienced a decline as a result of Muslim Arab and Seljuk Turkish invasions and was fatally weakened by the sacking of Constantinople by the Latin Crusaders in 1204. The establishment of Catholic Latin states on Greek soil, and the struggles of the Orthodox Byzantine Greeks against them, led to the emergence of a distinct Greek national identity. The Byzantine Empire was restored by the Palaiologos dynasty in 1261, but it was a shadow of its former self, and constant civil wars and foreign attacks in the 14th century brought about its terminal decline. As a result, most of Greece gradually became part of the Ottoman Empire in the late 14th and early 15th centur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Movement
A social movement is either a loosely or carefully organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal, typically a Social issue, social or Political movement, political one. This may be to carry out a social change, or to resist or undo one. It is a type of Group action (sociology), group action and may involve individuals, organizations, or both. Social movements have been described as "organizational structures and strategies that may empower oppressed populations to mount effective challenges and resist the more powerful and advantaged elites". They represent a method of social change from the bottom within nations. On the other hand, some social movements do not aim to make society more egalitarian, but to maintain or amplify existing power relationships. For example, scholars have described fascism as a social movement. Political science and sociology have developed a variety of theories and empirical research on social movements. For example, some resea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
