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Etaracizumab
Etaracizumab, also known as MEDI-522, trade name Abegrin, is a humanized monoclonal antibody which is being investigated for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and various other types of cancer. It is manufactured by MedImmune MedImmune, LLC was a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca before February 14, 2019, when it was announced that the MedImmune name and branding would be discontinued in favor of AstraZeneca. MedImmune was founded in 1988 as Molecular Vaccines, .... It is an enhanced iteration of Vitaxin, also known as MEDI-523. Both are derived from the mouse antibody LM609. References Monoclonal antibodies for tumors Drugs developed by AstraZeneca {{antineoplastic-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitaxin
Vitaxin (MEDI-523) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the vascular integrin alpha-v beta-3. It is shown to be a promising angiogenesis inhibitor used in the treatment of some forms of cancer. Vitaxin was in 2002 being studied for rheumatoid arthritis. It is the developmental precursor of Etaracizumab Etaracizumab, also known as MEDI-522, trade name Abegrin, is a humanized monoclonal antibody which is being investigated for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and various other types of cancer. It is manufactur ... (MEDI-522). Both are derived from the mouse antibody LM609. Vitaxin is safe for humans. It has little effect on advanced cancer. References Angiogenesis inhibitors Angiology {{antineoplastic-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpha-v Beta-3
αVβ3 is a type of integrin that is a receptor for vitronectin. It consists of two components, integrin alpha V and integrin beta 3 ( CD61), and is expressed by platelets. Furthermore, it is a receptor for phagocytosis on macrophages or dendritic cells. As a drug target Integrin αVβ3 is a potential drug target because abnormal expression of v3 is linked to the development and progression of various diseases. Its role in angiogenesis, in cancer and other diseases, is linked to the blood supply for problematic overgrowths. Inhibitors like etaracizumab may be used as antiangiogenics. One novel protein (ProAgio) has been designed to bind at an unusual site, and then induces apoptosis by recruiting caspase 8. It is designed by mutating domain 1 of CD2 (D1-CD2), which naturally binds weakly to the receptor. Fibronectin domain 10 contains the RGD motif that αVβ3 recognizes. A high-affinity, pure antagonist mutant has been discovered for this protein. See also * Proteases in an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Humanized Monoclonal Antibody
Humanized antibodies are antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to increase their similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans. The process of "humanization" is usually applied to monoclonal antibodies developed for administration to humans (for example, antibodies developed as anti-cancer drugs). Humanization can be necessary when the process of developing a specific antibody involves generation in a non-human immune system (such as that in mice). The protein sequences of antibodies produced in this way are partially distinct from homologous antibodies occurring naturally in humans, and are therefore potentially immunogenic when administered to human patients (see also Human anti-mouse antibody). Until 2021, the International Nonproprietary Names of new humanized antibodies ended in ''-zumab'', as in ''omalizumab'', but a new nomenclature has since been adopted and new names now end in different stems (see Nomenclature of mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metastatic
Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spreading from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor. The newly pathological sites, then, are metastases (mets). It is generally distinguished from cancer invasion, which is the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Cancer occurs after cells are genetically altered to proliferate rapidly and indefinitely. This uncontrolled proliferation by mitosis produces a primary heterogeneic tumour. The cells which constitute the tumor eventually undergo metaplasia, followed by dysplasia then anaplasia, resulting in a malignant phenotype. This malignancy allows for invasion into the circulation, followed by invasion to a second site for tumorigenesis. Some cancer cells, known as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), are able to penetrate the walls of lymphatic or blood vessels, and circulate through ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melanoma
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye (uveal melanoma). In very rare cases melanoma can also happen in the lung which is known as primary pulmonary melanoma and only happens in 0.01% of primary lung tumors. In women, melanomas most commonly occur on the legs; while in men, on the back. Melanoma is frequently referred to as malignant melanoma. However, the medical community stresses that there is no such thing as a 'benign melanoma' and recommends that the term 'malignant melanoma' should be avoided as redundant. About 25% of melanomas develop from nevus, moles. Changes in a mole that can indicate melanoma include increaseespecially rapid increasein size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or nevus#Classification, skin breakdown. The primary cause of melanoma is ultraviolet light (UV) exposure in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the neoplasm, uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Abnormal growth of the prostate tissue is usually detected through Screening (medicine), screening tests, typically blood tests that check for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Those with high levels of PSA in their blood are at increased risk for developing prostate cancer. Diagnosis requires a prostate biopsy, biopsy of the prostate. If cancer is present, the pathologist assigns a Gleason score; a higher score represents a more dangerous tumor. Medical imaging is performed to look for cancer that has spread outside the prostate. Based on the Gleason score, PSA levels, and imaging results, a cancer case is assigned a cancer staging, stage 1 to 4. A higher stage signifies a more advanced, more dangerous disease. Most prostate tumors remain small and cause no health problems. These are managed with active surveillance of prostate cancer, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is a cancerous tumor of an ovary. It may originate from the ovary itself or more commonly from communicating nearby structures such as fallopian tubes or the inner lining of the abdomen. The ovary is made up of three different cell types including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. When these cells become abnormal, they have the ability to divide and form tumors. These cells can also invade or spread to other parts of the body. When this process begins, there may be no or only vague symptoms. Symptoms become more noticeable as the cancer progresses. These symptoms may include bloating, vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, abdominal swelling, constipation, and loss of appetite, among others. Common areas to which the cancer may spread include the lining of the abdomen, lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. The risk of ovarian cancer increases with age. Most cases of ovarian cancer develop after menopause. It is also more common in women who have ovulated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MedImmune
MedImmune, LLC was a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca before February 14, 2019, when it was announced that the MedImmune name and branding would be discontinued in favor of AstraZeneca. MedImmune was founded in 1988 as Molecular Vaccines, Inc, and was purchased in 2007 for $15.6 billion. Its main offices were located in Gaithersburg, MD, Cambridge, UK, and Mountain View, CA. It produced ''Palivizumab, Synagis'', a drug for the prevention of respiratory infections in infants, which accounted for United States dollar, US$ 1.06 billion of its United States dollar, US$ 1.2 billion in revenue for 2005, and ''FluMist'', a nasal spray influenza vaccine introduced in 2004. MedImmune acquired ''FluMist'' when it purchased Aviron in 2002 for United States dollar, US$ 1.5 billion. ''FluMist'' sales totaled United States dollar, US$ 104 million in 2008, United States dollar, US$ 54.8 million in 2007, and United States dollar, US$ 36.4 million in 2006. ''FluMist'' was approved for chil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoclonal Antibodies For Tumors
In biology, monoclonality refers to the state of a line of cells that have been derived from a single clonal origin. Thus, "monoclonal cells" can be said to form a single clone. The term ''monoclonal'' comes . The process of replication can occur ''in vivo'', or may be stimulated ''in vitro'' for laboratory manipulations. The use of the term typically implies that there is some method to distinguish between the cells of the original population from which the single ancestral cell is derived, such as a random genetic alteration, which is inherited by the progeny. Common usages of this term include: * Monoclonal antibody: a single hybridoma cell, which by chance includes the appropriate V(D)J recombination to produce the desired antibody, is cloned to produce a large population of identical cells. In informal laboratory jargon, the monoclonal antibodies isolated from cell culture supernatants of these hybridoma clones (hybridoma lines) are simply called ''monoclonals''. * Mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
