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Esus
Esus, Hesus, or Aisus was a Brittonic and Gaulish god known from two monumental statues and a line in Lucan's '' Bellum civile''. Name T. F. O'Rahilly derives the theonym ''Esus'', as well as ''Aoibheall'', ''Éibhleann'', '' Aoife'', and other names, from the Proto-Indo-European root *''eis-'', which he glosses as 'well-being, energy, passion'. The personal name ''Esunertus'' ('strength of Esus') occurs in a number of Gallo-Roman inscriptions, including one votive inscription dedicated to Mercury,J. A. MacCulloch (1911). ‘Chapter III. The Gods of Gaul and the Continental Celts.�''The Religion of the Ancient Celts''.New York: Dover Publications. . while other theophoric given names such as ''Esugenus'' ('born from Esus') are also attested. It is possible that the '' Esuvii'' of Gaul, in the area of present-day Normandy, took their name from this deity.Jan de Vries (1954). ''Keltische Religion.'' W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart. p.98Cited here./ref> Imagery The two sculptur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pillar Of The Boatmen
The Pillar of the Boatmen (french: Pilier des nautes) is a monumental Roman column erected in Lutetia (modern Paris) in honour of Jupiter by the guild of boatmen in the 1st century AD. It is the oldest monument in Paris and is one of the earliest pieces of representational Gallo-Roman art to carry a written inscription . The Roman name for the monument is ''Nautae Parisiaci'' (the sailors of the Parisii, who were a tribe of Gauls). It was found re-used in the 4th century city wall on the Île de la Cité and is now displayed in the frigidarium of the Thermes de Cluny. Description The pillar is made of a type of limestone called "pierre de Saint-Leu-d'Esserent", from Saint-Leu, Oise, France. The original pillar would have been 5.24m high, 91 cm wide at the base and 74 cm wide at the top (Saragoza 2003). It is likely to have been formed in four tiers and although the order from top to bottom is reasonably certain from the relative sizes of the blocks, we do not know the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teutates
Toutatis or Teutates is a Celtic god who was worshipped primarily in ancient Gaul and Britain. His name means "god of the tribe", and he has been widely interpreted as a tribal protector.Paul-Marie Duval (1993). ''Les dieux de la Gaule.'' Éditions Payot, Paris. According to Roman writer Lucan, the Gauls offered human sacrifices to him. Name and nature ''Toutatis'' (pronounced in Gaulish)Pierre-Yves Lambert (2003). ''La langue gauloise.'' Éditions Errance, Paris. and its variants ''Toutates'', ''Teutates'', ''Tūtatus'' and ''Toutorīx'', comes from the Gaulish Celtic root ''toutā'', meaning 'tribe' or 'people' (compare Old Irish ''tuath'' and Welsh ''tud''). A literal meaning would thus be "god of the tribe". A similar phrase is found in Irish mythology, which mentions the oath formula ''tongu do dia tongas mo thuath'', roughly "I swear by the god by whom my tribe swears". Bernhard Maier proposes that his name derives from an older *''teuto-tatis'', with the meaning 'father of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarvos Trigaranus
Tarvos Trigaranus or Taruos Trigaranos is a divine figure who appears on a relief panel of the Pillar of the Boatmen as a bull with three cranes perched on his back. He stands under a tree, and on an adjacent panel, the god Esus is chopping down a tree, possibly a willow, with an axe. In the Gaulish language, ''taruos'' means "bull," found in Old Irish as ''tarb'' (/tarβ/), in Modern Irish/Gaelic as ''tarbh'' and in Welsh as ''tarw'' (compare "bull" in other Indo-European languages such as Latin ''taurus'' from Greek "ταύρος" or Lithuanian ''taŭras''). ''Garanus'' is the crane (''garan'' in Welsh, Old Cornish and Breton; see also '' geranos'', the ritual "crane dance" of ancient Greece). ''Treis'', or ''tri-'' in compound words, is the number three (cf. Irish ''trí'', Welsh ''tri''). A pillar from Trier shows a man with an axe cutting down a tree in which sit three birds and a bull's head. The juxtaposition of images has been compared to the Tarvos Trigaranus and Esus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcellus Empiricus
Marcellus Empiricus, also known as Marcellus Burdigalensis (“Marcellus of Bordeaux”), was a Latin medical writer from Gaul at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries. His only extant work is the ''De medicamentis'', a compendium of pharmacological preparations drawing on the work of multiple medical and scientific writers as well as on folk remedies and magic. It is a significant if quirky text in the history of European medical writing, an infrequent subject of monographs, but regularly mined as a source for magic charms, Celtic herbology and lore, and the linguistic study of Gaulish and Vulgar Latin. ''Bonus auctor est'' (“he’s a good authority”) was the judgment of J.J. Scaliger, while the science historian George Sarton called the ''De medicamentis'' an “extraordinary mixture of traditional knowledge, popular (Celtic) medicine, and rank superstition.” Marcellus is usually identified with the ''magister officiorum'' of that name who held office during the reign of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aoife
Aoife ( , ) is an Irish feminine given name. The name is probably derived from the Irish Gaelic ''aoibh'', which means "beauty" or "radiance". It has been compared to the Gaulish name ''Esvios'' (Latinized ''Esuvius'', feminine ''Esuvia''), which may be related to the tribal name ''Esuvii'' and the theonym ''Esus''. Irish mythology In Irish mythology, Aífe the daughter of Airdgeimm, sister of Scathach, is a warrior woman beloved of Cuchullain in the Ulster Cycle. T. F. O'Rahilly supposed that the Irish heroine reflects an otherwise unknown goddess representing a feminine counterpart to Gaulish ''Esus''. Aífe or Aoife was also one of the wives of Lir in the '' Oidheadh chloinne Lir'' ("Fate of the Children of Lir"), who turned her stepchildren into swans. There is also Aoife (Áiffe ingen Dealbhaoíth), a woman transformed into a crane, whose skin after death became Manannán's "Crane-bag". Biblical rendering The name is unrelated to the Biblical name '' Eva'', which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commenta Bernensia
{{Short description, 10th-century manuscript The ''Commenta Bernensia'', also known as the Bern scholia, are commentaries or marginal notes in a 10th-century manuscript, Cod. 370, preserved in the Burgerbibliothek of Berne, Switzerland. The commentaries relate to classical Latin texts, including Lucan's '' De Bello Civili'', and Vergil's ''Eclogues'' and ''Georgics'' (see Filargirius). The commentary expands on a reference of Lucan's to the druidic human sacrifice to Teutates (Mercury), Esus (Mars) and Taranis (Jupiter). It states that victims dedicated to Teutates were drowned, those dedicated to Esus were hanged and those to Taranis were burned. See also * Threefold death *Fragmenta Bernensia The Codex Bernensis known also as Fragmenta Bernensia, designated by t (traditional system) or 19 (in Beuron system), is a 5th or 6th century Latin manuscript of the New Testament. The text, written on vellum, is a version of the old Latin. The manu ... External linksCatalog entry(chr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esuvii
The Esuvii (or Esubii; Gaulish: ''Esuuii'') were a Gallic tribe dwelling between the lower Seine and the Loire rivers, in what is now Normandy, during the Iron Age. Name Their tribal name appears to be related to the theonym ''Esus''., s.v. ''Esus, Hesus''. Geography The Esuvii lived at the time of the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC) around the present-day town of Sées (Orne), between the Coriosolites and the Aulerci. References ;Bibliography * * See also *List of Gaulish tribes The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They s ... {{Gallic peoples Historical Celtic peoples Gauls History of Normandy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Sacrifice
Human sacrifice is the act of killing one or more humans as part of a ritual, which is usually intended to please or appease gods, a human ruler, an authoritative/priestly figure or spirits of dead ancestors or as a retainer sacrifice, wherein a monarch's servants are killed in order for them to continue to serve their master in the next life. Closely related practices found in some tribal societies are cannibalism and headhunting. Human sacrifice was practiced in many human societies beginning in prehistoric times. By the Iron Age with the associated developments in religion (the Axial Age), human sacrifice was becoming less common throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia, and came to be looked down upon as barbaric during classical antiquity. In the Americas, however, human sacrifice continued to be practiced, by some, to varying degrees until the European colonization of the Americas. Today, human sacrifice has become extremely rare. Modern secular laws treat human sacrific ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Celtic Polytheism
Ancient Celtic religion, commonly known as Celtic paganism, was the religion of the ancient Celtic peoples of Europe. Because the ancient Celts did not have writing, evidence about their religion is gleaned from archaeology, Greco-Roman accounts (some of it hostile and probably not well-informed), and literature from the early Christian period. Green, Miranda (2012). "Chapter 25: The Gods and the supernatural", ''The Celtic World''. Routledge. pp.465–485 Celtic paganism was one of a larger group of Iron Age polytheistic religions of Europe. It varied by region and over time, but underlying this were "broad structural similarities"Cunliffe, Barry (1997). ''The Ancient Celts''. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 184. and "a basic religious homogeneity" among the Celtic peoples. The names of over two hundred Celtic deities have survived (see list of Celtic deities), although it is likely that many of these were alternative names, regional names or titles for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taranis
In Celtic mythology, Taranis (Proto-Celtic: *''Toranos'', earlier ''*Tonaros''; Latin: Taranus, earlier Tanarus) is the god of thunder, who was worshipped primarily in Gaul, Hispania, Britain, and Ireland, but also in the Rhineland and Danube regions, amongst others. Taranis, along with Esus and Toutatis, was mentioned by the Roman poet Lucan in his epic poem '' Pharsalia'' as a Celtic deity to whom human sacrificial offerings were made. Taranis was associated, as was the Cyclops Brontes ("thunder") in Greek mythology, with the wheel. Many representations of a bearded god with a thunderbolt in one hand and a wheel in the other have been recovered from Gaul, where this deity apparently came to be syncretised with Jupiter. Name and etymology The Proto-Celtic form of the name is reconstructed as *''Toranos'' ('Thunder'), which derives through metathesis (switch of sounds) from an earlier *''Tonaros'', itself from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stem for 'thunder', *''(s)tenh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sacrifice
Sacrifice is the offering of material possessions or the lives of animals or humans to a deity as an act of propitiation or worship. Evidence of ritual animal sacrifice has been seen at least since ancient Hebrews and Greeks, and possibly existed before that. Evidence of ritual human sacrifice can also be found back to at least pre-Columbian civilizations of Mesoamerica as well as in European civilizations. Varieties of ritual non-human sacrifices are practiced by numerous religions today. Terminology The Latin term ''sacrificium'' (a sacrifice) derived from Latin ''sacrificus'' (performing priestly functions or sacrifices), which combined the concepts ''sacra'' (sacred things) and ''facere'' (to do or perform). The Latin word ''sacrificium'' came to apply to the Christian eucharist in particular, sometimes named a "bloodless sacrifice" to distinguish it from blood sacrifices. In individual non-Christian ethnic religions, terms translated as "sacrifice" include the Indic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vulcan (god)
Vulcan ( la, Vulcanus, in archaically retained spelling also ''Volcanus'', both pronounced ) is the god of fire including the fire of volcanoes, deserts, metalworking and the forge in ancient Roman religion and myth. He is often depicted with a blacksmith's hammer. The Vulcanalia was the annual festival held August 23 in his honor. His Greek counterpart is Hephaestus, the god of fire and smithery. In Etruscan religion, he is identified with Sethlans. Vulcan belongs to the most ancient stage of Roman religion: Varro, the ancient Roman scholar and writer, citing the Annales Maximi, records that king Titus Tatius dedicated altars to a series of deities including Vulcan. Etymology The origin of the name is unclear. Roman tradition maintained that it was related to Latin words connected to lightning (), which in turn was thought of as related to flames. This interpretation is supported by Walter William Skeat in his etymological dictionary as meaning ''lustre''. It has been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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