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Estonian Literature
Estonian literature () is literature written in the Estonian language (c. 1,100,000 speakers) The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. ''Originates Livoniae'' in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The ''Liber Census Daniae'' (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.The Development of Written Estonian by George Kurman The earliest extant samples of connected Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. The first known printed book is a bilingual German language, German–Estonian language, Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism (Wanradt–Koell Catechism) by and (1535). For the use of priests an Estonian grammar was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estonia
Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the east coast of the Baltic Sea. Its capital Tallinn and Tartu are the two largest List of cities and towns in Estonia, urban areas. The Estonian language is the official language and the first language of the Estonians, majority of its population of nearly 1.4 million. Estonia is one of the least populous members of the European Union and NATO. Present-day Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC. The Ancient Estonia#Early Middle Ages, medieval indigenous population of Estonia was one of the last pagan civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Northern Crusades in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Villem Grünthal-Ridala
Villem Grünthal-Ridala, born Wilhelm Grünthal (30 May 1885 in Kuivastu, Muhu, Kreis Ösel, Governorate of Livonia – 16 January 1942 in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian poet, translator, linguist and folklorist.Toivo Miljan, ''Historical Dictionary of Estonia'', Scarecrow Press 2004 Life Villem Grünthal-Ridala was the son of an inn keeper on the island of Muhu. He first attended Hellamaa (Pühalepa) parish school, then Eisenschmidt private school, as well as the national high school of Kuressaare. Beginning in 1905, he studied Finnish Literature at the University of Helsinki. In 1911, he completed his doctorate. From 1910 to 1919, Grünthal-Ridala was a professor at the University of Tartu in Estonia. From 1910 until 1914, he edited ''Estonian Literature'' magazine (Eesti Kirjandus), as well as ''Üliõpilaste leht'' from 1914 to 1916. From 1923 until his death, Grünthal-Ridala was professor of Estonian Language and Literature at the University of Helsinki. In 1941, h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reiner Brockmann
Reiner Broc(k)mann (1609, Schwan-Grändzdorf, Mecklenburg – 1647 Tallinn) was a pastor, ceremonial poet and translator. He is considered to be the first poet who wrote in Estonian. From 1634, he was a professor of Greek at Tallinn Gymnasium (nowadays Gustav Adolf Grammar School). From 1639, he was a pastor in Kadrina. He is probably best known for his translations of hymns into the Estonian language. He also wrote ceremonial poetry in several languages. Most of his work was modeled by his colleague Paul Fleming. He died in 1647 in Tallinn Tallinn is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Estonia, most populous city of Estonia. Situated on a Tallinn Bay, bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, it has a population of (as of 2025) and ... and is buried in St. Olaf's Church. Works * 1637 wedding song "Carmen Alexandrinum Esthonicum ad leges Opitij poeticas compositum" ('Estonian Song in Alexandrine Created According to the P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baltic German
Baltic Germans ( or , later ) are Germans, ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia. Since Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), their resettlement in 1945 after the end of World War II, Baltic Germans have drastically declined as a geographically determined ethnic groups in Europe, ethnic group in the region, with diaspora generally relocating to Germany proper and beyond. Since the late Middle Ages, native German-speakers formed the majority of merchants and clergy, and the large majority of the Baltic nobility, local landowning nobility who effectively constituted a ruling class over indigenous Latvians, Latvian and Estonians, Estonian non-nobles. By the time a distinct Baltic German ethnic identity began emerging in the 19th century, the majority of self-identifying Baltic Germans were non-nobles belonging mostly to the urban and professional middle class. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Catholic Chu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monumenta Estoniae Antiquae
The Monumenta Estoniae Antiquae is an academic publication series of Estonian folklore, including folksongs in trochaic verse form (''regilaul''), legends, proverbs, riddles and folk tales. History Interest in Estonian folklore began at the beginning of the 19th century. The Learned Estonian Society was established in 1839 as the central organisation for the collection and study of Estonian folklore. It was this society that coordinated the compilation of the Estonian epic Kalevipoeg, begun by Friedrich Robert Faehlmann and completed by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald. In 1843 Kreutzwald initiated the idea of the systematic collection of Estonian folklore. , under the auspices of the Society of Estonian Literati (''Eesti Kirjameeste Selts''), founded in 1842, published a three volume anthology of Estonian folksongs in 1852. This three volume set of some 1,300 songs is considered the first scholarly publication.Felix Oinas, ''Studies in Finnic Folklore'', Routledge 1997, page 22 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jakob Hurt
Jakob Hurt ( – ) was an Estonian folklorist, nationalist, and theologian. He was a major figure in the Estonian national awakening and worked as a pastor in Otepää and Saint Petersburg. While he was president of the Society of Estonian Literati, he oversaw a project to collect hundreds of thousands of works of poetry and folklore in the Estonian language. Hurt was featured on the 10 krooni note from 1991 to 2012. Life Jakob Hurt was born on 22 July 1839 in Himmaste. He attended the University of Tartu from 1859 to 1863 where he studied theology, during which time he first became active in Estonian nationalism. He became well known in the nationalist movement in 1869 when he spoke at the first Song Festival, helping initiate the National Awakening. He spoke to the importance of a sense of shared beliefs and language in developing a national culture. Hurt wished to become a pastor, but the ethnically German pastors did not allow him to because of his nationalism. Ins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estonian Poetry
Estonian Poetry is poetry written in the Estonian language or in Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru .... History The earliest known poetry written in Estonia was in the Latin language. The first poems written in the Estonian language came from Baltic German estophiles. The development of Estonian poetry occurred during the time of the Noor-Eesti ("Young Estonia") movement. Kristjan Jaak Peterson (1801–1822) is commonly regarded as one of the founders of Estonian poetry. Following him, the heyday of national romantic poetry took over as the most prominent examples of Estonian poetry led by poets like Lydia Koidula. See also * Estonian haiku References External links * Johannes AavikPuudused uuemas eesti luules eficiencies in modern Estonian poetry p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Crusades
The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Church, Catholic Christian Military order (society), military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the paganism, pagan Balts, Baltic, Baltic Finns, Finnic and West Slavs, West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. The most notable campaigns were the Livonian Crusade, Livonian and Prussian Crusade, Prussian crusades. Some of these wars were called crusades during the Middle Ages, however others, including the 12th century First Swedish Crusade and several following military incursions by Scandinavian Christians against the then pagan Finnish people, Finns, were dubbed "crusades" only in the 19th century by romantic nationalism, romantic nationalist historians. However, crusades against Estonians and against "other pagans in those parts" were authorized by Pope Alexander III in the crusade bull, crusade Papal bull, bull ''Non parum animus noster'', in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Kurvitz
Robert Kurvitz (born 8 October 1984) is an Estonian novelist, video game designer, and musician. He was the lead writer and designer of the 2019 video game ''Disco Elysium'' as a founding member of the ZA/UM cultural association and the eponymous video game development company that emerged from it. Kurvitz was fired from ZA/UM in 2022 after conflicts arose with Estonian investors who had acquired a majority stake in the company. Life and career Early life Kurvitz was born in Tallinn on 8 October 1984 to the artist couple Raoul Kurvitz and Lilian Mosolainen. By the age of fifteen, Kurvitz had dropped out of school. He became part of a group of peers called The Overcoats, a group of "5-10 high school dropouts...anarchists of some sort, with the motto: 'Today we drink tea, tomorrow we rule the world.'" Long pen-and-paper role-playing sessions with this group were the beginning of the world that would become ''Disco Elysium''s Elysium, and former Overcoats would form the core o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrus Kivirähk
Andrus Kivirähk (born 17 August 1970) is an Estonian writer, a playwright, topical satirist, and screenwriter. As of 2004, 25,000 copies of his novel ''Rehepapp ehk November'' (''Old Barny or November'') had been sold, making him the most popular 21st-century Estonian writer. His book '' The Man Who Spoke Snakish'' (''Mees, kes teadis ussisõnu'', 2007) has been one of the top selling books in Estonia. He has been a member of the Estonian Writers' Union (in Estonian: ''Eesti Kirjanike Liit'') since 1996. Career Andrus Kivirähk and Mart Juur host a humorous and satirical weekly radio show, ''Rahva Oma Kaitse'' (''People's Own Defense''), on the Raadio 2 channel of Estonian public broadcaster ERR. Every time the Eurovision Song Contest takes place, it is also aired on Raadio 2, and Juur and Kivirähk air a 'special' on top of the live broadcast. Awards * 2018 Annual Children's Literature Award of the Cultural Endowment of Estonia (''Tilda and the Dust Angel'') * 2018 "Järje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
