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Estampie
The estampie (, Occitan and , ) is a medieval dance and musical form which was a popular instrumental and vocal form in the 13th and 14th centuries. The name was also applied to poetry. Musical form The estampie is similar in form to the lai, consisting of a succession of repeated notes. According to Johannes de Grocheio, there were both vocal and instrumental estampies (for which he used the Latin calque "stantipes"), which differed somewhat in form. Grocheio calls the sections in both the French vocal and instrumental estampie ''puncta'' (singular ''punctus''), Each ''puncta'' has a pair of lines that repeat the same melody, in the form: :''aa, bb, cc, etc.''. The two statements of the melody in each punctus differ only in their endings, described as ''apertum'' ("open") and ''clausum'' ("closed") by Grocheio, who believed that six ''puncta'' were standard for the stantipes (his term for the estampie), though he was aware of stantipes with seven ''puncta''. The structure can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medieval Dance
Sources for an understanding of dance in Europe in the Middle Ages are limited and fragmentary, being composed of some interesting depictions in paintings and illuminations, a few musical examples of what may be dances, and scattered allusions in literary texts. The first detailed descriptions of dancing only date from 1451 in Italy, which is after the start of the Renaissance in Western Europe. Carole The most documented form of secular dance during the Middle Ages is the carol also called the "carole" or "carola" and known from the 12th and 13th centuries in Western Europe in rural and court settings."Carole" in It consisted of a group of dancers holding hands usually in a circle, with the dancers singing in a leader and refrain style while dancing. No surviving lyrics or music for the carol have been identified. In northern France, other terms for this type of dance included "ronde" and its diminutives "rondet", "rondel", and "rondelet" from which the more modern music term ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robertsbridge Codex
__NOTOC__ The Robertsbridge Codex (1360) is a music manuscript of the 14th century. It contains the earliest surviving music written specifically for keyboard. The term codex is somewhat misleading: the musical section of the source comprises only two leaves, bound together with a larger manuscript from Robertsbridge, East Sussex, England. It contains six pieces, three of them in the form of the '' estampie'', an Italian dance form of the Trecento, as well as three arrangements of motets. Two of the motets are from the ''Roman de Fauvel''. All of the music is anonymous, and all is written in tablature. Most of the music for the ''estampies'' is for two voices, often in parallel fifths, and also using hocket technique. Most likely the instrument used to play the pieces in the Codex was the organ. Formerly the date of the Codex was presumed to be around 1330, but more recent research has suggested a later date, slightly after mid-century. The manuscript was considered Italian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occitan Language
Occitan (; ), also known by its native speakers as (; ), sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania. It is also spoken in Calabria ( Southern Italy) in a linguistic enclave of Cosenza area (mostly Guardia Piemontese) named Gardiol, which is also considered a separate Occitanic language. Some include Catalan as a dialect of Occitan, as the linguistic distance between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the Gascon language) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative. Occitan is an official language of Catalonia, Spain, where a subdialect of Gascon known as Aranese is spoken (in the Val d'Aran). Since September 2010, the Par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Music Genre
A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. Genre is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Music can be divided into genres in numerous ways, sometimes broadly and with polarity, e.g., popular music as opposed to art music or folk music, or, as another example, religious music and secular music. Often, however, classification draws on the proliferation of derivative subgenres, fusion genres, and microgenres that has started to accrue, e.g., screamo, country pop, and mumble rap, respectively. The artistic nature of music means that these classifications are often subjective and controversial, and some may overlap. As genres evolve, novel music is sometimes lumped into existing categories. Definitions Douglass M. Green distinguishes between genre and Musical form, form in his book ''Form in Tonal Music''. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lai (poetic Form)
A ''lai'' (or ''lay lyrique'', "lyric lay", to distinguish it from a '' lai breton'') is a lyrical, narrative poem written in octosyllabic couplets that often deals with tales of adventure and romance. ''Lais'' were mainly composed in France and Germany, during the 13th and 14th centuries. The English term '' lay'' is a 13th-century loan from Old French ''lai''. The origin of the French term itself is unclear; perhaps it is itself a loan from German '' Leich'' (reflected in archaic or dialectal English ''lake A lake is often a naturally occurring, relatively large and fixed body of water on or near the Earth's surface. It is localized in a basin or interconnected basins surrounded by dry land. Lakes lie completely on land and are separate from ...'', "sport, play" and in modern Swedish (att leka = to play). The terms ''note'', ''nota'' and ''notula'' (as used by Johannes de Grocheio) appear to have been synonyms for ''lai''. The poetic form of the ''lai'' usually h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johannes De Grocheio
Johannes de Grocheio (or Grocheo) (Ecclesiastical Latin: ɔˈan.nɛs dɛ ɡrɔˈkɛj.jɔ c. 1255 – c. 1320) was a Parisian musical theorist of the early 14th century. His French name was Jean de Grouchy, but he is best known by his Latinized name. He was the author of the treatise ''Ars musicae'' ("The Art of Music") (c. 1300), which describes the functions of sacred and secular music in and around Paris during his lifetime. Biography Johannes de Grocheio, originally named Jean de Grouchy, likely grew up in a wealthy family that controlled a fiefdom in Normandy. Grocheio studied music and philosophy in Paris, but there is no evidence that he received a degree. Despite the lack of such evidence, he is credited as ''magister'' (master) and ''regens Parisius'' (resident teacher in Paris) in the Darmstadt manuscript, although the latter title was added to the manuscript after it was copied. Grocheio may also have taught at the Basilica of St. Denis based on the plainsong he d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troubadour
A troubadour (, ; ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female equivalent is usually called a ''trobairitz''. The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread to the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, '' trovadorismo'' in Galicia and Portugal, and that of the trouvères in northern France. Dante Alighieri in his '' De vulgari eloquentia'' defined the troubadour lyric as ''fictio rethorica musicaque poita'': rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and around the time of the Black Death (1348) and since died out. The texts of troubado ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raimbaut De Vaqueiras
__NOTOC__ Raimbaut de Vaqueiras or Vaqueyras (fl. 1180 – 1207) was a Provençal troubadour and, later in his life, knight. His life was spent mainly in Italian courtsAmelia E. Van Vleck, ''The Lyric Texts'' p. 33, in ''Handbook of the Troubadours'' (1995), edited by F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis. until 1203, when he joined the Fourth Crusade. His writings, particularly the so-called ''Epic Letter'', form an important commentary on the politics of the Latin Empire in its earliest years. Vaqueiras's works include a multilingual poem, ''Eras quan vey verdeyar'' where he used French, Tuscan, Galician-Portuguese and Gascon, together with his own Provençal. Vaqueiras was from Vacqueyras, near Orange. He spent most of his career as court poet and close friend of Boniface I of Montferrat, with whom he served in battle against the communes of Asti and Alessandria. Vaqueiras claimed he earned a knighthood through protecting Boniface with his shield in battle at Messin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vielle
The is a European bowed stringed instrument used in the medieval period, similar to a modern violin but with a somewhat longer and deeper body, three to five gut strings, and a leaf-shaped pegbox with frontal tuning pegs, sometimes with a figure-8 shaped body. Whatever external form they had, the box-soundchest consisted of back and belly joined by ribs, which experience has shown to be the construction for bowed instruments. The most common shape given to the earliest vielles in France was an oval, which with its modifications remained in favour until the Italian lira da braccio asserted itself as the better type, leading to the violin. The instrument was also known as a ''fidel'' or a ''viuola'', although the French name for the instrument, ''Vièle'', is generally used; the word comes from the same root as ''fiddle''. It was one of the most popular instruments of the medieval period, and was used by troubadours and jongleurs from the 13th through the 15th centuries. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cantus Coronatus
A cantus (Latin for "singing", derived from ''cantare'') is an activity organised by Belgium, Belgian, Netherlands, Dutch, Germany, German, France, French, and Baltic states, Baltic fraternities. A cantus mainly involves singing traditional songs and drinking beer. It is governed by strict traditional rules. The use of this dates back a few centuries and was inspired by Germany, German student organisations; however, some of the songs that are sung date back to the Middle Ages. Cantus probably shares its roots with commercium, sitsit and tableround. Currently, the world record for biggest traditional cantus is in the hands of the Eurekaweek, based in Rotterdam, who welcomed 4594 officially registered guests during their 2019 cantus and 6200 in 2023. Codex The songs are compiled in what the students refer to as the codex, which contains the club anthems of most student organisations and hundreds of songs in various languages, such as Dutch language, Dutch, French language, Fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Hiley
David Hiley (born 5 September 1947) is an English musicologist. He specializes in early music, particularly plainchant, early polyphony and English music. Life and career David Hiley was born in Littleborough, Greater Manchester, England on 5 September 1947. He studied with Bernard Rose and David Wulstan at Magdalen College ( BA 1968), and with Ian Bent and Howard Mayer Brown at King's College London (PhD 1981), with a doctorate on the sacred music of Norman Sicily. After posts at Eton College (assistant music master; 1968–73) and Royal Holloway College, University of London (lecturer; 1976–86), he joined the University of Regensburg as a professor of musicology, where he has been since 1986. Hiley specializes in early music, particularly plainchant, early polyphony and English music. His publications include two book-length surveys of plainchant, ''Western Plainchant'' (1993) and ''Gregorian Chant'' (2009). Among his memberships are as honorary vice-president of the Pl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
