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Estado Novo (Brazil)
The Estado Novo (), or Third Brazilian Republic, began on 10 November 1937, and consolidated Getúlio Vargas' power. Vargas had assumed leadership of Brazil following the 1930 revolution that ended the First Republic. The Estado Novo ended politically on 29 October 1945, and officially on 31 January 1946. It was characterized by Brazilian nationalism, centralized power, anti-communism and authoritarianism. It was part of the period known as the Vargas Era that began with the Second Brazilian Republic. Vargas first took power as provisional president in 1930 following the revolution that ended the First Republic and launched the Second Brazilian Republic. Several ensuing coup attempts failed to depose him, until he granted himself new powers under the Third Brazilian Republic or Estado Novo. In early 1932, the Constitutionalist Revolution led by the Democratic Party of São Paulo, had failed due to a lack of unity within the alliance. As head of the provisional government ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ordem E Progresso
The national flag of Brazil is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto ('Order and Progress'), within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. It was officially adopted on 19 November 1889, four days after the Proclamation of the Republic, to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of , and Décio Villares. The green field and yellow rhombus from the previous imperial flag were preserved (though slightly modified in hue and shape). In the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow represented the House of Habsburg of his wife, Empress Maria Leopoldina. A blue circle with white five-pointed stars replaced the arms of the Empire of Brazil its position in the flag reflects the sky over the city of Rio de Janeiro on 15 November 1889. The mot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 Brazilian Coup D'état
The 1945 Brazilian coup d'état was a coup d'état in Brazil led by the Brazilian Army, prompted by concerns that President Getúlio Vargas intended to seize absolute power. Vargas was forced to resign on 29 October 1945. The 1945 Brazilian general election was held on 2 December 1945, where former Minister of War Eurico Gaspar Dutra was elected president. A new democratic constitution was adopted on September 18, 1946, thus beginning the Fourth Brazilian Republic. Background Though abroad the government defended democracy, domestic discontent increased when World War II came to an end, due to the authoritarian policies of Getúlio Vargas and his government. Growing political movements and democratic demonstrations forced Vargas to abolish censorship in 1945, release numerous political prisoners, and allow for the re-formation of political parties such as the Brazilian Communist Party, which supported Vargas after receiving direct instructions from the Soviet Union. In 1943, uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Communist Uprising Of 1935
The 1935 Brazilian communist uprising (Portuguese language, Portuguese: ''Intentona Comunista'') was a military revolt in Brazil led by Luís Carlos Prestes and leftist low-rank military against Getúlio Vargas's government on behalf of the National Liberation Alliance (Brazil), National Liberation Alliance (''Aliança Nacional Libertadora -'' ANL). It took place in the cities of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Recife, and the capital Rio de Janeiro between 23 and 27 November 1935. The uprising was supported by the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), then called the Communist Party of Brazil, and the Communist International. Background In July 1934, with the approval of Brazil's new constitution and the election of Vargas, the country entered a period of constitutional normality, although no one was satisfied. President Getúlio Vargas declared himself against the constitutional regime despite his authoritative role. Other opposing factions within Brazil's politics shared his poi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communism
Communism () is a political sociology, sociopolitical, political philosophy, philosophical, and economic ideology, economic ideology within the history of socialism, socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products in society based on need.: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." A communist society entails the absence of private property and social classes, and ultimately money and the State (polity), state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a Libertarian socialism, libertarian socialist approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and an authoritarian socialism, authoritarian socialist, vanguardis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Constitution Of 1937
The Brazilian Constitution of 1937 ( Portuguese: ''Constituição Brasileira de 1937''), promulgated by President Getúlio Vargas on November 10, 1937, was Brazil's fourth constitution and the third of the republican period. It was instituted on the same day as the installation of the Estado Novo, Vargas' dictatorial regime, and aimed to legitimize his powers. The text was inspired by the authoritarian structure of the April Constitution of Poland, which was extremely centralizing and granted unlimited powers to the President. It was drafted by the jurist Francisco Campos, Minister of Justice, and obtained the prior approval of Vargas and General Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Minister of War. The 1937 Constitution satisfied the interests of political groups who wanted a strong government that would benefit the dominant parties and consolidate the rule of those on Vargas' side. Its structure was strongly centralized, with the President of the Republic responsible for appointing the stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Constitution Of 1934
The Brazilian Constitution of 1934, promulgated on July 16 by the National Constituent Assembly of 1932, was created "to organize a democratic regime that ensures the unity, freedom, justice and social and economic well-being of the nation," as stated in its preamble. Among Brazilian constitutions, it lasted the shortest: it was officially in force for one year, when it was suspended by the National Security Law. It was significant for institutionalizing the reform of Brazil's political and social organization, establishing Brazilian democracy - with the inclusion of the military, the urban middle class, workers and industrialists. The 1934 Constitution was a possible consequence of the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, when troops from São Paulo, including volunteers, Army soldiers and the Public Force, fought against the Brazilian Army. It was also a result of tenentism and the 1930 Revolution, when dissident soldiers supported by part of the population overthrew the F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutionalist Revolution
The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 (sometimes also referred to as Paulista War or Brazilian Civil War) is the name given to the uprising of the population of the Brazilian state of São Paulo against the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 when Getúlio Vargas assumed the nation's presidency; Vargas was supported by the people, the military and the political elites of Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Paraíba. The movement grew out of local resentment over the fact that Vargas ruled by decree, unbound by a Constitution, in a provisional government. The 1930 Revolution also affected São Paulo by eroding the autonomy that states enjoyed during the term of the 1891 Constitution and preventing the inauguration of the governor of São Paulo, Júlio Prestes, who had been elected president of Brazil in 1930, while simultaneously overthrowing President Washington Luís, who was governor of São Paulo from 1920 to 1924. These events marked the end of the First Brazilian Republ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Revolution Of 1930
The Revolution of 1930 () was an armed insurrection across Brazil that ended the First Brazilian Republic, Old Republic. The revolution replaced incumbent president Washington Luís with defeated presidential candidate and revolutionary leader Getúlio Vargas, concluding the political hegemony of coffee with milk politics, a four-decade-old oligarchy and beginning the Vargas Era. For most of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazilian politics had been controlled by an alliance between the states of São Paulo (state), São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The presidency had alternated between them every election until 1929, when incumbent President Washington Luís declared his successor would be Júlio Prestes, also from São Paulo. In response to the betrayal of the oligarchy, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraíba formed a Liberal Alliance (Brazil), Liberal Alliance backing opposition candidate Getúlio Vargas, president of Rio Grande do Sul. The Alliance denounced the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Brazilian Republic
The Second Brazilian Republic, officially the Republic of the United States of Brazil, was the period in Brazilian history between 1930 and 1937, during the Vargas Era. It began with the Revolution of 1930, led by Getúlio Vargas, and was divided into three phases: the transitional government, the provisional government, and the constitutional government. It ended with a coup d'état carried out by Vargas in 1937, which gave rise to the Estado Novo. The transitional government was the period during which a Provisional Governing Junta ruled the country for a short time after the deposition of Washington Luís. The provisional government was the period during which Vargas ruled by decree as head of state until the promulgation of the 1934 Constitution. The constitutional government began when Vargas was elected president in 1934, alongside a democratically elected legislature. Background Revolution of 1930 On 7 September 1930, the revolutionary movement gained new momentu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political ''status quo'', and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have sometimes been characterized as "hybrid democracies", " hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, ''An Authoritarian Regime: Spain'', defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: # Limited political pluralism, which is achieved with constraints on the legislature, political parties and interest groups. # Political legitimacy based on appeals to emotion and identification of the regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizabl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-communism
Anti-communism is Political movement, political and Ideology, ideological opposition to communism, communist beliefs, groups, and individuals. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, and it reached global dimensions during the Cold War, when the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in an intense rivalry. Anti-communism has been an element of many movements and different political positions across the political spectrum, including anarchism, centrism, conservatism, fascism, liberalism, nationalism, social democracy, socialism, leftism, and libertarianism, as well as broad movements #Evasion of censorship, resisting communist governance. Anti-communism has also been expressed by #Religions, several religious groups, and in art and #Literature, literature. The first organization which was specifically dedicated to opposing communism was the Russian White movement, which fought in the Russian Civil War starting in 1918 against the recent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
