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Era Of Silence
The Era of Silence () was the period between 1934 and 1938 (or 1940Miljan, p. 196.) in Estonian history. The period began with the preemptive self-coup of 12 March 1934, which Estonian Prime Minister Konstantin Päts carried out to avert a feared takeover of the state apparatus by the popular ''Vaps'' Movement (a nationalist political organization of war veterans). Context and events In the charged atmosphere that pervaded Europe in 1934, when Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini had become widely admired role models for authoritarian and nationalist movements in many other countries, most of the leaders of the democratic Republic of Estonia also viewed the possible takeover by a similar group, the ''Vaps'' Movement, as a credible and imminent threat. Claiming the existence of such an imminent threat, the then Prime Minister Konstantin Päts, using the authority of the newly adopted Constitution of 1933, proclaimed a national state of emergency on 12 March. He then appointed ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaja 1934-62
{{disambiguation, callsign, given name ...
Kaja may refer to: * Kaja (name), a given name, a nickname and a surname * Kaja (singer), stage name of Vesna Milačić (born 1968), Montenegrin singer-songwriter * ''Kaja'' (newspaper), a newspaper published in Estonia between 1919 and 1935 * Kajagoogoo, a British new wave band known as Kaja from 1984 to 1985 * Kaja Beedi, an India beedi brand KAJA * KAJA (FM), a radio station (97.3 FM) licensed to San Antonio, Texas, United States * KAJA, a subchannel of television station K22JA-D in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States See also * * Kaia (other) * Kakinada Kaaja, an Indian sweet delicacy * Khaja, a type of Indian pastry * Kaya (other) Kaya may refer to: People *Kaya (given name) * Kaya (surname) Places *Kaya, Burkina Faso, a town in Burkina Faso, capital of the department * Kaya Airport, serving the town * Kaya Department, a department or commune of Sanmatenga Province in cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estonian Constitution Of 1938
The Constitution of Estonia () is the fundamental law of the Republic of Estonia and establishes the state order as that of a democratic republic where the supreme power is vested in its citizens. The first Constitution was adopted by the freely elected Estonian Constituent Assembly on 15 June 1920 and came into force on 21 December 1920. Heavily amended on 24 January 1934, following a referendum in 1933, it was in force until the second Constitution was enacted on 1 January 1938. It remained in force, ''de facto'', until 16 June 1940, when the Soviet Union occupied Estonia and, ''de jure'', until 28 June 1992, when the third and current Constitution of the Republic of Estonia was adopted by referendum. History First Constitution (1920–1933/38) The first Constitution reflected Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea of national sovereignty. Power was split between the judiciary, the executive and the legislature according to the principles of Montesquieu. The Constitution provided for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1930s Coups D'état And Coup Attempts
Year 193 ( CXCIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sosius and Ericius (or, less frequently, year 946 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 193 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * January 1 – Year of the Five Emperors: The Roman Senate chooses Publius Helvius Pertinax, against his will, to succeed the late Commodus as Emperor. Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which were wrecked under Commodus, to reestablish discipline in the Roman army, and to suspend the food programs established by Trajan, provoking the ire of the Praetorian Guard. * March 28 – Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is auctioned off; Marcus Didius Julianus the highest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estonica
''Estonica'' is a comprehensive encyclopaedia on topics relating to Estonia, particularly the culture and history of Estonia. The project has been developed by Estonian Institute since 2000. It is sponsored by, among others, Tiigrihüpe. Materials of ''Estonica'' are available in Estonian as well as Russian and English, and are reusable under the terms of the Creative Commons Creative Commons (CC) is an American non-profit organization and international network devoted to educational access and expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has release ... Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license. References External links Official website {{encyclopedia-stub Estonian books Encyclopedias of culture and ethnicity Estonian encyclopedias ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occupation Of The Baltic States
The occupation of the Baltic states was a period of annexation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by the Soviet Union from 1940 until its Dissolution of the Soviet Union, dissolution in 1991. For a period of several years during World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the Baltic states after it invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. The initial Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviet invasion and occupation of the Baltic states began in June 1940 under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, made between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in August 1939 before the outbreak of World War II. The three independent Baltic states, Baltic countries were annexed as constituent Republics of the Soviet Union in August 1940. Most Western countries did not recognise this annexation, and considered it illegal. In July 1941, the German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II, occupation of the Baltic states by Nazi Germany took place, just weeks after its Operation Barbarossa, invasion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1936 Estonian National Assembly Referendum
A referendum on convening a National Assembly to draft a new constitution was held in Estonia between 23 and 25 February 1936.Dieter Nohlen Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An ex ... & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p574 It was approved by 76.1% of voters with an 82.9% turnout. Elections to the National Assembly were held in December. Results References Referendums in Estonia 1936 referendums 1936 in Estonia {{Estonia-election-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1938 Estonian Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 24 and 25 February 1938.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p574 The National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution won 64 of the 80 seats. In turn, the Front was essentially an enlarged version of the pro-government Patriotic League. Of the 16 independents elected, six were members of the Democracy Group (composed of two former members of the National Centre Party, two Settlers and two of the Vaps Movement), six of the Unity Group of Working People (composed of four leftist Socialists and two rightist Socialists), two were Independent Workers and two were members of the Russian Group.Nohlen & Stöver, p587 Electoral system Following the promulgation of a new constitution the voting age was raised to 22 years and only those who had been citizens for three years could vote, whilst minimum age for candidates was raised from 20 to 25.Nohlen & Stöver, p569 Results By const ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaan Tõnisson
Jaan Tõnisson ( – 1941?) was an Estonian statesman, serving as the Prime Minister of Estonia twice during 1919 to 1920, as State Elder (head of state and government) from 1927 to 1928 and in 1933, and as Foreign Minister of Estonia from 1931 to 1932. After the Soviet invasion and occupation of Estonia in June 1940, Tõnisson was arrested by the Stalinist regime and, like most senior Estonian politicians at the time, was either executed or died in Soviet captivity soon afterwards. Tõnisson was still alive in June 1941, when he is known to have been imprisoned, and interrogated, in Tallinn. The exact date and location of his death and place of burial remain unknown. According to circumstantial evidence, Tõnisson was most probably executed by the Soviet NKVD in the beginning of July 1941. Early life Tõnisson was born on near Tänassilma, Viiratsi Parish, Viljandi County, then part of the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire. He grew up during the Estonian nati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaan Teemant
Jaan may refer to: *Jaan (given name) * ''Jaan'' (album), an Indian pop album by Sonu Nigam * ''Jaan'' (film), a 1996 Bollywood action film directed by Raj Kanwar *Gauhar Jaan (1873–1930), Indian singer and dancer *" Jaan Atki", a 2016 Punjabi song by Mumzy Stranger See also *Jan (other) Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Nu ... * Jaaneman (other) {{disambiguation, surname de:Jaan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juhan Kukk
Juhan (Johann) Kukk ( – 4 December 1942) was an Estonian politician. Early years Kukk was born in Käru, Salla Parish (now in Väike-Maarja Parish), Wierland County. He graduated from Tartu High School of Sciences, then studied in the Commerce Department of the Riga Polytechnical School in 1904–1910 and eventually graduated with a first-degree diploma in Germany. Political career Kukk headed the financial department of the Estonian Provincial Assembly in 1917–1918, served as Financial and State Property Minister of the Estonian Provisional Government in 1918–1919, was Minister of Finance of the Republic of Estonia in 1919–1920, and then Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1920–1921. He was a member of the I and II Riigikogu from 1920 to 1926. From 18 November 1921 to 20 November 1922, he was also Speaker of the Riigikogu. He resigned as Speaker upon being appointed State Elder, an office he held until 2 August 1923. After Kukk left the Riigikogu, he was succeed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
