Eolouka
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Eolouka
Eolouka is an obsolete paraphyletic phylum of protists localized in the clade Discoba. It contains two lineages: Jakobea and Tsukubea, the last containing only one genus, '' Tsukubamonas''. History of classification In 1999 Cavalier-Smith proposed a new paraphyletic phylum of flagellates called Loukozoa, containing only the jakobids. In 2013 it was modified to contain three subphyla: *Eolouka, containing the classes Jakobea and Tsukubea. * Metamonada, containing the infraphyla Trichozoa and Anaeromonada. *Neolouka, containing the only class Malawimonadea Malawimonadidae is a family of unicellular eukaryotes The eukaryotes ( ) constitute the domain of Eukaryota or Eukarya, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, seaweeds, and many unicellular org .... However, in later years these three groups were raised to the rank of phylum. References {{Eukaryote-stub Discoba phyla Obsolete eukaryote taxa ...
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Loukozoa
Loukozoa (From Greek ''loukos'': groove) is a proposed taxon used in some classifications of eukaryotes, consisting of the Metamonada and Malawimonadea. Ancyromonads are closely related to this group, as sister of the entire group, or as sister of the Metamonada. Amorphea may have emerged in this grouping, specifically as sister of the Malawimonads. Originally, Loukozoa included Anaeromonadea and Jakobea. In 2013, it consisted of three subphyla: Eolouka ( Tsukubea and Jakobea), Metamonada and Neolouka ('' Malawimonas''). In 2018, Cavalier-Smith has removed Eolouka from Loukozoa, placing it instead in Discoba Excavata is an obsolete, extensive and diverse Paraphyly, paraphyletic group of unicellular Eukaryote, Eukaryota. The group was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and the name latinized and assigned a rank by Thomas Cavalier-Smit .... With the root of the Eukaryota likely close to or in Loukozoa or Discoba, these groupings are studied to give unique i ...
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Protists
A protist ( ) or protoctist is any Eukaryote, eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, Embryophyte, land plant, or fungus. Protists do not form a Clade, natural group, or clade, but are a Paraphyly, paraphyletic grouping of all descendants of the last eukaryotic common ancestor excluding land plants, animals, and fungi. Protists were historically regarded as a separate taxonomic rank, taxonomic kingdom (biology), kingdom known as Protista or Protoctista. With the advent of phylogenetic analysis and electron microscopy studies, the use of Protista as a formal taxon was gradually abandoned. In modern classifications, protists are spread across several eukaryotic clades called supergroup (biology), supergroups, such as Archaeplastida (photoautotrophs that includes land plants), SAR supergroup, SAR, Obazoa (which includes fungi and animals), Amoebozoa and "Excavata". Protists represent an extremely large genetic diversity, genetic and ecological diversity in all environments, in ...
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Phylum
In biology, a phylum (; : phyla) is a level of classification, or taxonomic rank, that is below Kingdom (biology), kingdom and above Class (biology), class. Traditionally, in botany the term division (taxonomy), division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent. Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia contains about 31 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14 phyla, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about eight phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships among phyla within larger clades like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta. General description The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek (, "race, stock"), related to (, "tribe, clan"). Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguishe ...
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Cavalier-Smith
Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, Royal Society, FRS, Royal Society of Canada, FRSC, Natural Environment Research Council, NERC Professorial Fellow (21 October 1942 – 19 March 2021), was a professor of evolutionary biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford. His research has led to discovery of a number of unicellular organisms (protists) and advocated for a variety of major taxonomic groups, such as the Chromista, Chromalveolata, Opisthokonta, Rhizaria, and Excavata. He was known for Cavalier-Smith's system of classification, his systems of classification of all organisms. Life and career Cavalier-Smith was born on 21 October 1942 in London. His parents were Mary Maude (née Bratt) and Alan Hailes Spencer Cavalier Smith. He was educated at Norwich School (educational institution), Norwich School, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (MA) in Biology and King's College London (PhD) in Zoology. He was under the supervision of John Randall (phys ...
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Flagellate
A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their means of motion. The term presently does not imply any specific relationship or classification of the organisms that possess flagella. However, several derivations of the term "flagellate" (such as " dinoflagellate" and " choanoflagellate") are more formally characterized. Form and behavior Flagella in eukaryotes are supported by microtubules in a characteristic arrangement, with nine fused pairs surrounding two central singlets. These arise from a basal body. In some flagellates, flagella direct food into a cytostome or mouth, where food is ingested. Flagella role in classifying eukaryotes. Among protoctists and microscopic animals, a flagellate is an organism with one or more flagella. Some cells in other animals may be flage ...
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Malawimonadea
Malawimonadidae is a family of unicellular eukaryotes The eukaryotes ( ) constitute the domain of Eukaryota or Eukarya, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, seaweeds, and many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes. They constitute a major group of ... of outsize importance in understanding eukaryote phylogeny. Malawimonadidae is a unique and relatively lesser-known group of flagellate protists belonging to the phylum Malawimonada. These organisms are single-celled eukaryotes that are found in various aquatic habitats, including freshwater environments and marine systems. Several features make Malawimonadidae unique: Evolutionary position: Malawimonads are considered to be one of the earliest branching lineages of eukaryotes. This makes them particularly interesting for researchers studying the early evolution of eukaryotic cells and their organelles. Feeding mechanism: Malawimonads are known to be bacterivorous, meaning th ...
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Neolouka
Malawimonads (order Malawimonadida) are a small group of microorganisms with a basal group, basal position in the evolutionary tree of eukaryotes, containing only three recognized species. They're considered part of a paraphyletic group known as "Excavata". Evolution It is clear that the malawimonads are a monophyletic clade at the basal group, base of Eukaryota, but there is no consensus on the specific relationships between other basal groups, such as Discoba, Metamonada, Ancyromonadida and Podiata. The sister group to Malawimonadida varies greatly between analyses. Some phylogenetic analyses find Malawimonadida as the sister group to Podiata. Other analyses recover Malawimonadida as the sister group of Discoba or Metamonada. Very few modern analyses recover the three clades, Malawimonadida, Discoba and Metamonada, as a monophyletic Excavata. Taxonomy History The malawimonads were first described as order (biology), order Malawimonadida in 2003 by Thomas Cavalier-Smith. In 20 ...
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Anaeromonada
Anaeromonadea, also known as Preaxostyla, is a class of excavate protists, comprising the oxymonads, '' Trimastix'', and '' Paratrimastix''. This group is studied as a model system for reductive evolution of mitochondria, because it includes both organisms with anaerobic mitochondrion-like organelles ('' Trimastix'' and '' Paratrimastix''), and those that have completely lost their mitochondria ( oxymonads ''Monocercomonoides ''Monocercomonoides'' is a genus of flagellate Excavata belonging to the order Oxymonadida. It was established by Bernard V. Travis and was first described as those with "polymastiginid flagellates having three anterior Flagellum, flagella and ...'', '' Streblomastix'', and '' Blattamonas''). Phylogeny and Taxonomy Based on the work of Zhang et al. 2015. References External links Tree of Life: Preaxostyla Metamonads {{Excavata-stub ...
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Trichozoa
Trichozoa is a group of excavates. "Fornicata" is a similar grouping, but it excludes Parabasalia.Tree
at National Institute of Genetics
"Eopharyngia" is an even more narrow grouping, including Retortamonadida and Diplomonadida but not Carpediemonas.


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Discoba
Excavata is an obsolete, extensive and diverse Paraphyly, paraphyletic group of unicellular Eukaryote, Eukaryota. The group was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and the name latinized and assigned a rank by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002. It contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic protists, and includes some important parasites of humans such as ''Giardia'' and ''Trichomonas''. Excavates were formerly considered to be included in the now- obsolete Protist, Protista kingdom. They were distinguished from other lineages based on electron-microscopic information about how the cells are arranged (they have a distinctive ultrastructural identity). They are considered to be a Basal_(phylogenetics), basal flagellate lineage. On the basis of phylogenomic analyses, the group was shown to contain three widely separated eukaryote groups, the discobids, metamonads, and malawimonads. A current view of the composition of the excavates is given below, indicating that th ...
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Tsukubamonas
''Tsukubamonas'' is a unicellular heterotrophic, biflagellated excavate of the Discoba clade (along with jakobids, euglenozoans and percolozoans) with only one species known, ''Tsukubamonas globosa''. It inhabits fresh-water, feeds on bacteria, and can exist as a vegetative cell or cyst. The cells are characterised with a spherical or semi-spherical shape, are highly vacuolated with thin subsurface vesicles and the absence of a contractile vacuole, tubular cristae in its mitochondria, and two flagella of an apparatus with five main structures (four basal bodies, three major microtubule roots, four major fibres, one microtubule organization center, and several internal microtubules). ''Tsukubamonas'' is notable for having a backwards right root, a differentiation of its anterior root orientation, and for having a lack of a left root. Other notable differences are in the morphology of its singlet root and associated fibre, the lack of flagella vanes, and in its cytoskeletal structure ...
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