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Engrossing (law)
Engrossing, forestalling and regrating were marketing offences in English, Welsh and Irish common law. The terms were used to describe unacceptable methods of influencing the market, sometimes by creating a local monopoly for a certain good, usually food. The terms were often used together, and with overlapping meanings. They became obsolete in 1844. Blackstone's Commentaries described them as offences against public trade: Forestalling—the buying or contracting for any merchandise or victual coming in the way of the market; or dissuading persons from bringing their goods or provisions there; or persuading them to enhance the price, when there; any of which practices make the market dearer to the fair trader. Regrating—the buying of corn or other dead victual, in any market, and selling it again at the same market, or within four miles of the place. For this also enhances the prices of the provisions, as every successive seller must have a successive profit. Engrossi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Law
English law is the common law list of national legal systems, legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly English criminal law, criminal law and Civil law (common law), civil law, each branch having its own Courts of England and Wales, courts and Procedural law, procedures. The judiciary is judicial independence, independent, and legal principles like Procedural justice, fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system. Principal elements Although the common law has, historically, been the foundation and prime source of English law, the most authoritative law is statutory legislation, which comprises Act of Parliament, Acts of Parliament, Statutory Instrument, regulations and by-laws. In the absence of any statutory law, the common law with its principle of ''stare decisis'' forms the residual source of law, based on judicial decisions, custom, and usage. Common law is made by sitting judges who apply both United Kingdom l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fine (penalty)
A fine or mulct (the latter synonym typically used in Civil law (common law), civil law) is a penalty of money that a court of law or other authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other Offense (law), offense. The amount of a fine can be determined case by case, but it is often announced in advance. The most usual use of the term is for financial punishments for the commission of crimes, especially minor crimes, or as the settlement (law), settlement of a Claim (legal), claim. One typical example of a fine is money paid for violations of traffic laws. In English law, English common law, relatively Standard scale, small fines are used either in place of or alongside community service orders for low-level criminal offences. More considerable fines are also given independently or alongside shorter prison sentences when the judge or magistrate considers a large amount of retribution is necessary, but there is unlikely to be a significant danger to the public. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smithfield Market
Smithfield, properly known as West Smithfield, is a district located in Central London, part of Farringdon Without, the most westerly Wards of the City of London, ward of the City of London, England. Smithfield is home to a number of City institutions, such as St Bartholomew's Hospital and Livery company, livery halls, including those of Worshipful Company of Butchers, the Butchers' and Worshipful Company of Haberdashers, Haberdashers' Companies. The area is best known for the Smithfield meat market, which dates from the 10th century, has been in continuous operation since Middle Ages, medieval times, and is now London's only remaining wholesale market (place), market. Each summer, from the 12th century to the 19th century the area hosted Bartholomew Fair. Smithfield's principal street is called ''West Smithfield'', and the area also contains the City's oldest surviving church building, St Bartholomew-the-Great, dating from 1123 (most City churches were destroyed in the Grea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quorum
A quorum is the minimum number of members of a group necessary to constitute the group at a meeting. In a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature), a quorum is necessary to conduct the business of that group. In contrast, a plenum is a meeting of the full (or rarely nearly full) body. A body, or a meeting or vote of it, is quorate if a quorum is present (or casts valid votes). The term ''quorum'' is from a Middle English wording of the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace, derived from Latin ''quorum'', "of whom", genitive plural of ''qui'', " who". As a result, ''quora'' as plural of ''quorum'' is not a grammatically well-formed Latin-language construction. In modern times a quorum might be defined as the minimum number of voters needed for a valid election. Quorums are often required by traditional handbooks of parliamentary procedure such as Robert's Rules of Order. However, quorums have been criticized by s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quarter Session
The courts of quarter sessions or quarter sessions were local courts that were traditionally held at four set times each year in the Kingdom of England from 1388; they were extended to Wales following the Laws in Wales Act 1535. Scotland established quarter sessions in the 17th century. Quarter sessions were also established in Ireland and British colonies overseas. Quarter sessions generally sat in the seat of each county and county borough, and in numerous non-county boroughs which were entitled to hold their own quarter sessions, although some of the smaller boroughs lost theirs in 1951; these non-county boroughs were mainly, but not exclusively, ancient boroughs. In 1972, all quarter sessions were abolished in England and Wales with the commencement of the Courts Act 1971, which replaced them and the assizes with a single permanent Crown Court. In Scotland, they survived until 1975, when they were abolished and replaced by district courts and later by justice of the pea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Droving
Droving is the practice of walking livestock over long distances. It is a type of herding, often associated with cattle, in which case it is a cattle drive (particularly in the US). Droving stock to market—usually on foot and often with the aid of dogs—has a very long history. An owner might entrust an agent to deliver stock to market and bring back the proceeds. There has been droving since people in cities found it necessary to source food from distant supplies. Description Droving is the practice of moving livestock herds over long distances by walking them " on the hoof", sometimes several hundred kilometers. It was carried out by shepherds. The earliest written evidence about shepherds and their dogs dates back to the 14th century. Thousands of cattle were moved along the roads of Europe and Great Britain, and later sheep, goats, pigs and even geese and turkeys. The journey from pasture to market, slaughterhouse, or buyer could take anywhere from a few weeks to a f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Continuance Of Laws Act 1571
The Continuance of Laws Act 1571 ( 13 Eliz. 1. c. 25) was an act of the Parliament of England that continued and revived various older acts. Provisions Revived and continued enactments Section 1 of the act revived and made perpetual 5 enactments. Section 2 of the act revived and continued 6 enactments until the end of the next session of parliament. Section 3 of the act extended the Gaols Act 1531 ( 23 Hen. 8. c. 3), as continued for ten years by the Gaols Act 1553 ( 1 Mar. Sess. 2. c. 14) and enlarged by the Gaols Act 1562 ( 5 Eliz. 1. c. 24), to the County of Cambridge and further continued the amended act for ten years. Section 4 of the act revived and continued 4 enactments until the end of the next session of parliament. Section 5 of the act provided that the Importation Act 1562 ( 5 Eliz. 1. c. 7) would not affect intercourse under treaties signed by the Queen. Section 6 of the act provided that, from 20 June 1571, all woodlands inclosed by the Preservation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Repeal Of Certain Laws Act 1772
The Repeal of Certain Laws Act 1772 ( 12 Geo. 3. c. 71) was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain that repealed for Great Britain statutes against forestallers and engrossers, including the Forestallers Act 1551 ( 5 & 6 Edw. 6. c. 14). Background Several statutes included, related to corn, meal, flour, cattle and sundry and others, had been found to have prevented free trade of those commodities, causing the price to increase: Repealed enactments Section 1 of the act repealed 6 enactments, listed in the section, for Great Britain. Section 1 of the act also repealed any subsequent acts that were created to enforce those original acts. Section 2 of the act voided all existing and future legal proceedings that were commenced under the repealed acts, ensuring that no person could be prosecuted under these former laws regardless of any contrary statutes. Legacy The repeals in the act were found not to have been effectual, because of repeated prohibitions in previou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5 Eliz
5 (five) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number, and cardinal number, following 4 and preceding 6, and is a prime number. Humans, and many other animals, have 5 digits on their limbs. Mathematics 5 is a Fermat prime, a Mersenne prime exponent, as well as a Fibonacci number. 5 is the first congruent number, as well as the length of the hypotenuse of the smallest integer-sided right triangle, making part of the smallest Pythagorean triple ( 3, 4, 5). 5 is the first safe prime and the first good prime. 11 forms the first pair of sexy primes with 5. 5 is the second Fermat prime, of a total of five known Fermat primes. 5 is also the first of three known Wilson primes (5, 13, 563). Geometry A shape with five sides is called a pentagon. The pentagon is the first regular polygon that does not tile the plane with copies of itself. It is the largest face any of the five regular three-dimensional regular Platonic solid can have. A conic is determine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Badger (person)
A badger was, in English language, English, a term of uncertain derivation (possibly derived from bagger, a bag or person carrying one) for a Vendor, dealer in food or victuals which he had purchased in one place and carried for sale in another place. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the earliest entry as being from Bristol in 1500, but there were bager(s)gates at York in 1243 and in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, Lincoln by 1252. It continued in use until the 19th century in Great Britain.Peter Clark, Paul Slack -Crisis and Order in English Towns 1500-1700 2013 - Page 13 "The sixteenth century was the great age of the fair and market, of the enhanced complexity of commercial exchange, of broggers, badgers, drovers and pedlars." The term ''badger'' was specifically applied to those dealing in grain for food, but was also applied generically to food commodity dealers. These included those dealing in grain for brewing (maltsters) or meal for bread-making (mealmen), while others specialis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5 & 6 Edw
5 (five) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number, and cardinal number, following 4 and preceding 6, and is a prime number. Humans, and many other animals, have 5 digits on their limbs. Mathematics 5 is a Fermat prime, a Mersenne prime exponent, as well as a Fibonacci number. 5 is the first congruent number, as well as the length of the hypotenuse of the smallest integer-sided right triangle, making part of the smallest Pythagorean triple ( 3, 4, 5). 5 is the first safe prime and the first good prime. 11 forms the first pair of sexy primes with 5. 5 is the second Fermat prime, of a total of five known Fermat primes. 5 is also the first of three known Wilson primes (5, 13, 563). Geometry A shape with five sides is called a pentagon. The pentagon is the first regular polygon that does not tile the plane with copies of itself. It is the largest face any of the five regular three-dimensional regular Platonic solid can have. A conic is determine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
