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Empress Xiaoxianchun
Empress Xiaoxianchun (28 March 1712 – 8 April 1748) of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Fuca clan was an imperial consort of the Qing dynasty. She was the first wife of the Qianlong Emperor. Life Family background Empress Xiaoxianchun's personal name was not recorded in history. * Father: Lirongbao (; 1674–1723), served as a third rank military official () of Chahar and held the title of a first class duke () ** Paternal Grandfather: Mishan (; 1633–1675), served as the Minister of revenue. ** Paternal Uncle: Maci (马齐; 1652–1739), a court official who served in the Ministry of War from 1691 to 1694 and in the Ministry of Revenue from 1692 to 1701, as well as in the Grand Secretariat during the reign of Kangxi Emperor. * Mother: Lady Gioro () * Seven elder brothers and two younger brothers: ** Ninth younger brother: Fuheng (傅恒; 1720–1770), a senior minister who served as the Qianlong Emperor's grand councilor. * One younger sister: The wife of Salash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit Painter)
Giuseppe Castiglione, S.J. ( zh, s=郎世宁, t=郎世寧, p=Láng Shìníng; 19 July 1688 – 17 July 1766), was an Italian Jesuit brother and missionary in China, where he served as an artist at the imperial court of three Qing emperors – the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors. He painted in a style that is a fusion of European and Chinese traditions. Early life Castiglione was born in Milan's San Marcellino district on 19 July 1688. He was educated at home with a private tutor, then a common practice among wealthy families. He also learned to paint under the guidance of a master. In 1707, he entered the Society of Jesus in Genoa aged 19. Although a Jesuit, he was never ordained as a priest, instead joining as a lay brother. Works Paintings In the late 17th century, a number of European Jesuit painters served in the Qing court of the Kangxi Emperor who was interested in employing European Jesuits trained in various fields, including painting. In the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China. At its height of power, the empire stretched from the Sea of Japan in the east to the Pamir Mountains in the west, and from the Mongolian Plateau in the north to the South China Sea in the south. Originally emerging from the Later Jin (1616–1636), Later Jin dynasty founded in 1616 and proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636, the dynasty seized control of the Ming capital Beijing and North China in 1644, traditionally considered the start of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty lasted until the Xinhai Revolution of October 1911 led to the abdication of the last emperor in February 1912. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty Legacy of the Qing dynasty, assembled the territoria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palace Of Eternal Spring
The Palace of Eternal Spring (), also known as Changchun Palace, is one of the Six Western Palaces in the inner court of the Forbidden City. It is situated north of the Hall of the Supreme Principle, west of the Palace of Earthly Honour and northwest of the Palace of Eternal Longevity. History This residence was built in 1420 and was named the "Palace of Eternal Spring". In 1535, the Jiajing Emperor renamed it to the "Palace of Eternal Tranquility" (). It regained its current name during the Qing dynasty and was renovated in 1689. In 1859, the inner gate was dismantled so as to connect it with the neighbouring Hall of the Supreme Principle; an opera stage where Empress Dowager Cixi could watch performances was constructed. The most remarkable detail of the palace is a corridor painted with 18 Suzhou-style frescos depicting scenes from the ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' by Cao Xueqin. Residents Ming dynasty Qing dynasty See also * Imperial Chinese harem system * Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yongzheng Emperor
The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizong of Qing, personal name Yinzhen, was the fourth List of emperors of the Qing dynasty, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper. The fourth son of the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng ascended the throne following prolonged disputes over succession. A hard-working ruler, he aimed to create a more effective government, cracked down on corruption and reformed the personnel and financial administration. His reign also saw the formation of the Grand Council (Qing dynasty), Grand Council, an institution that had a major impact on the future of the dynasty. Militarily, Yongzheng continued his father's efforts to consolidate Qing's position in Outer Mongolia and Tibet through force. The Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735 at the age of 56 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as the Qianlong Emperor. Although his reign was much s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gregorian Calendar
The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It went into effect in October 1582 following the papal bull issued by Pope Gregory XIII, which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years slightly differently to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long rather than the Julian calendar's 365.25 days, thus more closely approximating the 365.2422-day tropical year, "tropical" or "solar" year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. The rule for leap years is that every year divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are divisible by 100, except in turn for years also divisible by 400. For example 1800 and 1900 were not leap years, but 2000 was. There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. First, the Julian calendar was based on the estimate that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lunar Calendar
A lunar calendar is a calendar based on the monthly cycles of the Moon's phases ( synodic months, lunations), in contrast to solar calendars, whose annual cycles are based on the solar year, and lunisolar calendars, whose lunar months are brought into alignment with the solar year through some process of intercalationsuch as by insertion of a leap month. The most widely observed lunar calendar is the Islamic calendar. The details of when months begin vary from calendar to calendar, with some using new, full, or crescent moons and others employing detailed calculations. Since each lunation is approximately days, (which gives a mean synodic month as 29.53059 days or 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 3 seconds) it is common for the months of a lunar calendar to alternate between 29 and 30 days. Since the period of 12 such lunations, a lunar year, is 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, 34 seconds (354.36707 days), lunar calendars are 11 to 12 day ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fuheng
Fuheng (; ; ; 1720 – July 1770), courtesy name Chunhe (春和), was a Qing dynasty official from the Manchu people, Manchu Fuca (clan), Fuca clan and the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Eight Banners, and was a younger brother of the Empress Xiaoxianchun. He served as a senior minister at the court of his brother-in-law, the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to his death in 1770. He is best known for leading the Qing troops in the fourth and last invasion of Burma in the Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769). Prior to his appointment as the commander-in-chief of the Burma campaign, Fuheng was chief grand councilor to the emperor, and one of the emperor's most trusted advisers. Fuheng was one of the few senior officials that fully backed the Qianlong Emperor's decision to eliminate the Dzungars in the 1750s when most at the court thought war was too risky. His nephew Mingrui was a son-in-law of the emperor, and led the Burma campaign of 1767–1768. His son Fuk'anggan was a senior general ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 165420 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history and one of the longest-reigning rulers in history. He is considered one of China's greatest emperors. The third son of the Shunzhi Emperor, Kangxi was enthroned at the age of seven while actual power was held for six more years by the four regents nominated by his father. After assuming personal rule, Kangxi's attempt to revoke the fiefdoms of feudal princes sparked the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, which he suppressed. He also forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan and Mongols in the north and northwest to submit to Qing rule, and launched an expedition that incorporated Tibet into the empire. Domestically, he initially welcomed the Jesuits and the propagation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Secretariat
The Grand Secretariat, or the Cabinet (), was nominally a coordinating agency but ''de facto'' the highest institution in the imperial government of the Chinese Ming dynasty. It first took shape after the Hongwu Emperor abolished the office of Chancellor (of the Zhongshu Sheng) in 1380 and gradually evolved into an effective coordinating organ superimposed on the Six Ministries. There were altogether six Grand Secretaries (), though the posts were not always filled.Hucker, 29. The most senior one was popularly called Senior Grand Secretary (, ''shǒufǔ''). The Grand Secretaries were nominally ranked as mid-level officials, ranked much lower than the Ministers, heads of the Ministries. However, since they screened documents submitted to the emperor from all governmental agencies, and had the power of drafting suggested rescripts for the emperor, generally known as ''piàonǐ'' () or ''tiáozhǐ'' (), some senior Grand Secretaries were able to dominate the whole government, acting a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Revenue (imperial China)
The Ministry or Board of Revenue was one of the Six Ministries under the Department of State Affairs in imperial China. Name The term "Ministry" or "Board of Revenue" is an English gloss of the department's purview. It is also similarly translated as the or . In Chinese, the various names of the department never referred to the government's monetary income. Instead, prior to the Sui dynasty, it was known as the ''Dùzhī'' from its role in overseeing government expenses. Under the Sui, it was known as the "Ministry of People" (''Mínbù'') from its role overseeing the census and its associated taxation. From the Tang to the Qing, it was known as the "Households Department" (''Hùbù''), again from its role in overseeing a census reckoned in households and its associated taxation. Administrative level *Tang dynasty & Song dynasty: subordinate to the Department of State Affairs *Yuan dynasty: subordinate to the Secretariat *Ming dynasty: originally subordinate to the Secretari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of War (imperial China)
The Ministry of War was one of Six Ministries under the Department of State Affairs in imperial China. Name The Ministry of War is also commonly translated as the Ministry or . Function During the Ming dynasty, the Ministry of War had control over appointments, promotions, and demotions of military officers; the maintenance of military installations, equipment, and weapons; and administration over the imperial Chinese post or courier network. Courier network Workers found jobs at Relay Stations or Post Offices during the Ming dynasty in multiple ways. Some were directly appointed by the Emperor. In some cases, local indigenous leaders received these appointments. The subordinate positions were filled by members of the leader's entourage, including cooks, stable hands and innkeepers. Thereafter the Stationmaster became an inherited position, in some cases for over 100 years. At more isolated frontier stations, exiles, ex-criminals and prisoners of war filled the positions. Form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maci (politician)
Maci (1652–1739) was a Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner court official who lived in the Qing dynasty. He was from the Fuca (clan), Fuca clan, and was the eldest son of Mishan (politician), Mishan (米思翰). Maci served as Ministry of War (imperial China), Ministry of War from 1691 to 1694, and Ministry of Revenue (imperial China), Ministry of Revenue from 1692 to 1701. He was also a member of Grand Secretariat during Kangxi Emperor's reign, and was an important supporter of the 8th Prince Yunsi, Yinsi (Yunsi). In 1708, Maci, Tong Guowei (佟國維), Alingga (阿靈阿) and Olondai (鄂倫岱) proposed designating Yinsi as Crown Prince but was refused by the emperor. He was stripped of his official position and forced into house arrest. Maci returned to politics after Yongzheng Emperor ascended the throne. He sat on the emperor's top advisory board along with Yunsi, Yinxiang (prince), Yunxiang, and Longkodo. He retired in 1735, and died in 1739. Fuheng, Fuqing (general), Fucing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
