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Emancipados
Emancipado () was a term used for an African-descended social-political demographic within the population of Spanish Guinea (modern day Equatorial Guinea) that existed in the early to mid 1900s. This segment of the native population had become assimilated into the former European society of Spanish Guinea which primarily existed along the coastline communities of the continental part of the country, as well as on the islands of Bioko and Annobón. Population specifics This population included: * Full-blooded descendants of local/regional native tribes that had assimilated to European culture after receiving a Christian Spanish education. * Descendants of freed Cuban slaves who, despite being free to return to Cuba, remained in the country, marrying into the local population. These former slaves were brought to Africa by the ''Royal Orders of September 13, 1845'' (by way of voluntary arrangement) and a June 20, 1861 deportation from Cuba, due to the lack of volunteers. Many w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afro-Cuban
Afro-Cubans () or Black Cubans are Cubans of full or partial sub-Saharan African ancestry. The term ''Afro-Cuban'' can also refer to historical or cultural elements in Cuba associated with this community, and the combining of native African and other cultural elements found in Cuban society, such as race, religion, music, language, the arts and class culture. Demographics According to the 2002 national census that surveyed 11.2 million Cubans, 1 million or 11% of Cubans identified as Afro-Cuban or Black. Some 3 million identified as "mulatto" or "mestizo", meaning of mixed race, primarily a combination of African and European. Thus more than 40% of the population on the island affirm some African ancestry. The Cuban Revolution brought to power Fidel Castro, who promised a communist society without racism. His government promised equal opportunities for education, health care and work. There has been much scholarly discussion about the demographic composition of the isl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saro People
The Saro, or Nigerian Creoles of the 19th and early 20th centuries, were Africans that were emancipated and initially resettled in Freetown, Sierra Leone by the Royal Navy, which, with the West Africa Squadron, enforced the abolition of the international slave trade after the British Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act 1807. Those freedmen who migrated back to Nigeria from Sierra Leone, over several generations starting from the 1830s, became known locally as ''Saro'' ''(elided form of Sierra Leone, from the Yoruba sà ró''). Consequently, the Saro are culturally descended from Sierra Leone Creoles, with ancestral roots to the Yoruba people of Nigeria. A related community of people were likewise known as Amaro, and were migrants from Brazil and Cuba. Saro and Amaro also settled in other West African countries such as the Gold Coast (Ghana). They were mostly freed and repatriated slaves from various West African and Latin American countries such as Sierra Leone, Brazil a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bioko
Bioko (; ; ; historically known as Fernando Pó, ) is an island of Equatorial Guinea. It is located south of the coast of Cameroon, and northwest of the northernmost part of mainland Equatorial Guinea. Malabo, on the north coast of the island, is the capital city of Equatorial Guinea. Bioko's population was 335,048 at the 2015 census and it covers an area of . The island is part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes and is located off the Cameroon coast, in the Bight of Biafra portion of the Gulf of Guinea. Its geology is volcanic; its highest peak is Pico Basile at . Etymology Bioko's native name is ''Ëtulá a Ëri'' in the Bube language. For nearly 500 years, the island was known as ''Fernando Pó'' (; ), named for Portuguese navigator Fernão do Pó. Between 1973 and 1979 the island was named ''MacÃas Nguema Biyogo'' after the then-president of Equatorial Guinea. The current name, Bioko, dates from 1979 and is in honour of politician Cristino Seriche Bioko. Geogra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gente De Razón
''Gente de razón'' (, "people of reason" or "rational people") is a Spanish term used in colonial Spanish America and modern Hispanic America to refer to people who were culturally Hispanicized. It was a social distinction that existed alongside the racial categories of the '' sistema de castas''. Indigenous peoples (''indios'' or "Indians"), who maintained their culture and lived in their legally recognized communities (the ''repúblicas de indios''), and mixed-race people (the ''castas''), especially the poor in urban centers, were generally considered not to be ''gente de razón''. Etymology The term is ultimately derived from Aristotelian and Roman legal ideas about the use of reason in persons and the status of minority before the law. Under Roman law many adults (women, grown men who were not heads of household) were deemed legal minors under the protection of a tutor (usually the pater familias). Additionally, in the early establishment of New Spain, indigenous peoples ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ladino People
The Ladino people are a mix of mestizo or Hispanicized peoplesLadino' en el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (DRAE) in Latin America, principally in Central America. The demonym ''Ladino'' is a Spanish word that is related to '' Latino''. ''Ladino'' is an exonym initially used during the colonial era to refer to those Spanish-speakers who were not Peninsulares, Criollos or indigenous peoples. Guatemala The Ladino population in Guatemala is officially recognized as a distinct ethnic group. The Ministry of Education of Guatemala uses the following definition: The ladino population has been characterized as a heterogeneous population which expresses itself in the Spanish language as a maternal language, which possesses specific cultural traits of Hispanic origin mixed with indigenous cultural elements, and dresses in a style commonly considered as western.The population censuses include the ladino population as one of the different ethnic groups in Guatemala. In po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ilustrado
The Ilustrados (, "erudite", "learned" or "enlightened ones") constituted the Filipino intelligentsia ( educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term '' gente de razón'' carried a similar meaning. They were late Spanish-colonial-era middle to upper class Filipinos, many of whom were educated in Spain and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. The ''ilustrado'' class was composed of Philippine-born and/or raised intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines—'' mestizos'' ''(''both '' de Sangleyes and de Español), insulares, and indios'', among others—and sought reform through "a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power" under Spanish tutelage. Stanley Karnow, in his '' In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines'', referred to the ''ilustrados'' as the "rich Intelligentsia" because many we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fernandinos
The Fernandino people are creoles, multi-ethnic or multi-racial populations who developed in Equatorial Guinea (Spanish Guinea). Their name is derived from the island of Fernando Pó, where many worked. This island was named for the Portuguese explorer Fernão do Pó, credited with discovering the region. Each population had a distinct ethnic, social, cultural and linguistic history. Members of these communities provided most of the labor that built and expanded the cocoa farming industry on Fernando Pó during the 1880s and 1890s. The Fernandino of Fernando Po were closely related to each other. Because of the history of labor in this area, where workers were recruited, effectively impressed, from Freetown, Cape Coast, and Lagos, the Fernandino also had family ties to those areas. Eventually these ethnically distinct groups intermarried and integrated. In 21st-century Bioko, their differences are considered marginal. Native Fernandinos The indigenous group of ''Fernandino ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Évolué
In the Belgian colonial empire, Belgian and French colonial empires, an (, 'evolved one' or 'developed one') was an African who had been Europeanised through education and cultural assimilation, assimilation and had accepted European values and patterns of behavior. spoke French and followed European rather than indigenous laws, usually held White-collar worker, white-collar jobs (though rarely higher than clerks), and lived primarily in urban areas. Belgian colonies In the Belgian Congo (modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo), most s emerged from the Congolese who filled skilled positions (such as clerks and nurses) made available by the economic boom in the country following World War II. Colonial administrators defined an as "a man having broken social ties with his group, [and] having entered another system of motivations, another system of values." While there were no universal criteria for determining status, it was generally accepted that one would have "a good ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bubi People
The Bubi people (also known as Bobe, Voove, Ewota and Bantu Bubi) are a Bantu peoples, Bantu ethnic group of Central Africa who are indigenous to Bioko, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Once the majority group in the region, the population experienced a sharp decline due to war and disease during Portuguese expeditions. By the end of Spanish Guinea, Spanish colonial rule in the mid 20th century, and after substantial intermarriage with newly introduced populations, such as Afro-Cubans, Fernandino peoples, Krio people, Portuguese people and Spaniards, the Bubi people, again, experienced a great decline in number. Seventy-five percent perished due to tribal/clan rooted political genocide during a civil war that led to Spanish Guinea's independence from Spain. This, too, sparked mass exodus from their homeland with most of the exiles and refugees immigrating into Spain. The indigenous Bubi of Bioko Island have since co-existed with non-indigenous Fernandino peoples, Krio Fernandinos; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Guinea
Spanish Guinea () was a set of Insular Region (Equatorial Guinea), insular and RÃo Muni, continental territories controlled by Spain from 1778 in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Bight of Bonny, in Central Africa. It gained independence in 1968 as Equatorial Guinea. Name From the resumption of Spanish sovereignty in 1843 to 1904 the colony went by various names in official documents. The name of the colony in an 1868 Royal decree that outlined the administration of the colony was the Spanish Possessions on the Gulf of Guinea. The other name commonly used was the name Colony of Fernando Poo and Dependencies. In a royal decree in 1904 the official name became Spanish Territories on the Gulf of Guinea as many of the administrative inefficiencies in the previous decrees were rectified. This was reaffirmed in a 1935 decree. In 1956 the colony became the Province of the Gulf of Guinea, a province of Spain. History 18th–19th centuries The Spanish colony in the Guinea (region), Gui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Affranchi
''Affranchi'' (, ) is a former French legal term denoting a freedman or emancipated slave, but also a pejorative term for free people of color. It is used in the English language to describe the social class of freedmen in Saint-Domingue, and other slave-holding French territories, who held legal rights intermediate between those of free whites and enslaved Africans. In Saint-Domingue, roughly half of the ''affranchis'' were '' gens de couleur libres'' (free people of color; ''Mulatto'') and the other half African slaves. The term is derived from the French word for emancipation—, or enfranchisement in terms of political rights. But, the ''affranchis'' were barred from the franchise (voting) prior to a 1791 court case, which followed the French Revolution. The decision in their favor prompted a backlash from the French white planter class on Saint-Domingue, who also exerted power in France. These elements contributed to the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution. The ''affranc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnic Groups Of Africa
The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each ethnicity generally having their own language (or dialect of a language) and culture. The ethnolinguistic groups include various Afroasiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo, and Nilo-Saharan populations. The official population count of the various ethnic groups in Africa is highly uncertain due to limited infrastructure to perform censuses, and due to rapid population growth. Some groups have alleged that there is deliberate misreporting in order to give selected ethnicities numerical superiority (as in the case of Nigeria's Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo peoples). A 2009 genetic clustering study, which genotyped 1327 polymorphic markers in various African populations, identified six ancestral clusters. The clustering corresponded closely with ethnicity, culture, and language. A 2018 whole genome sequencing study of the world's populations observed similar clusters among the populations in Africa. At K=9, distinct ancestr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
