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Eduard Ludwig Alexander
Eduard Ludwig Alexander (14 March 1881 – 1 March 1945, also known as Eduard Louis Alexander and Eduard Ludwig) was a German politician of the Communist Party of Germany, Communist Party (KPD) and a representative in the Reichstag (Weimar Republic), Reichstag. Career Eduard Ludwig Alexander was born in Essen in the Kingdom of Prussia, Prussian Rhine Province (now North Rhine-Westphalia); his father was an office manager. He attended the Royal Gymnasium at Burgplatz zu Essen, where he received his Abitur in 1900. He then studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin, at the University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, and at the University of Lausanne, Université de Lausanne Jura, working from 1911 as a European lawyer, Rechtsanwalt and Justiziar in Berlin. In 1917 Alexander was involved in the formation of the Spartacus League and joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) together with his wife upon the founding of the party in the Communist Party in 1918 and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gertrud Alexander
Gertrud Alexander (born Gertrud Gaudin: 7 January 1882 – 22 March 1967) was a Communism, communist activist and politician, originally from Germany. She made her mark as an author, journalist and art critic. Pseudonyms Her published output appears and is archived under a range of (mostly related) identities as follows: * "GGL Alexander" * "Gertrud G. L. Alexander" * "Gertrud Gaudin Ludwig Alexander" * "G.G.L." * "G.G.(G.) Ludwig" * "Gertruda Alexander" * "A.L." * "g.g.g." * "Fr. Jerome" Sometimes her output is archived or listed simply under "Gertrude Alexander". Life Gertrud Mathilde Bertha Gaudin was born in Ruhla, a small town in the hills west of Gotha. Her father was a doctor. She attended the University of Jena, moving on to the Arts Academy in Eisenach and then to the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin. She funded her education by working as a teacher of drawing. She continued to be employed by the secondary schools teaching service as an art teacher till 1908. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
The Reichstag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) was the lower house of Germany's parliament; the upper house was the Reichsrat (Germany), Reichsrat, which represented the states. The Reichstag convened for the first time on 24 June 1920, taking over from the Weimar National Assembly, which had served as an interim parliament following the collapse of the German Empire in November 1918. Under the Weimar Constitution of 1919, the Reichstag was elected every four years by universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage, using a system of party-list proportional representation. All citizens who had reached the age of 20 were allowed to vote, including women for the first time, but excluding soldiers on active duty. The Reichstag voted on the laws of the Reich and was responsible for the budget, questions of war and peace, and confirmation of state treaties. Oversight of the Reich government (the ministers responsible for executing the laws) also resided with the Reichstag. It could f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Die Rote Fahne
''Die Rote Fahne'' (, ''The Red Flag'') was a German newspaper originally founded in 1876 by Socialist Worker's Party leader Wilhelm Hasselmann, and which has been since published on and off, at times underground, by German Socialists and Communists. Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg famously published it in 1918 as organ of the Spartacus League. Following the deaths of Liebknecht and Luxemburg during the chancellorship of the Social Democratic Party of Germany's Friedrich Ebert, the newspaper was published, with interruptions, by the Communist Party of Germany. Proscribed by the National Socialist Worker's Party government of Adolf Hitler after 1933, publication continued illegally, underground. History 1876 Wilhelm Hasselmann of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (now SPD) and member of the German Reichstag founded a short-lived, weekly newspaper called ''Die rote Fahne''. 1918–1933 Using the newspaper's subtitle as indicator of its political allegiance, '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disbarment
Disbarment, also known as striking off, is the removal of a lawyer from a bar association or the practice of law, thus revoking their law license or admission to practice law. Disbarment is usually a punishment for unethical or criminal conduct but may also be imposed for incompetence or incapacity. Procedures vary depending on the law society; temporary disbarment may be called suspension. Australia In Australia, states regulate the Legal Profession under state law despite many participating in a uniform scheme. Admission as a lawyer is the business of the admissions board and the Supreme Court. Disciplinary proceedings may be commenced by the Bar Association, the Law Society of which one is a member, or the board itself. Germany In Germany, a '' Berufsverbot'' is a ban on practicing a profession, which the government can issue to a lawyer for misconduct, ''Volksverhetzung'' or for serious mismanagement of personal finances. In April 1933, the Nazi government issued a ''Ber ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Rise To Power
The rise to power of Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, began in the newly established Weimar Republic in September 1919, when Hitler joined the '' Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' (DAP; German Workers' Party). He quickly rose to a place of prominence and became one of its most popular speakers. In an attempt to more broadly appeal to larger segments of the population and win over German workers, the party name was changed to the ''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' (NSDAP; National Socialist German Workers' Party), commonly known as the Nazi Party, and a new platform was adopted. Hitler was made the party leader in 1921 after he threatened to otherwise leave. By 1922, his control over the party was unchallenged. The Nazis were a right-wing party, but in the early years they also had anti-capitalist and anti-bourgeois elements. Hitler later initiated a purge of these elements and reaffirmed the Nazi Party's pro-business stance. This included killing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Buddrus
Michael Buddrus (born 1957) is a German historian. Life Born in Bad Doberan, from 1974 Buddrus completed a three-year locksmithing apprenticeship in Warnemünde. From 1978 to 1983, he studied at the University of Rostock. Afterwards he worked as a research assistant at the Schiffbau- und Schifffahrtsmuseum Rostock. In the years 1985–1988, he was an aspirant at the University of Rostock. With a doctoral thesis on the history of the Hitler Youth he succeeded in 1989 in obtaining the Promotion A. He then worked until 1991 as a research assistant at the Institute for German History of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, then until 1993 as a research assistant at the University of Siegen. In 1994 he moved to the Institute of Contemporary History (Munich). He conducts biographical research on National Socialist functionaries and researches on Mecklenburg history in Nazi Germany. He argues that there was no involuntary membership in the NSDAP The Nazi Party, officiall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boizenburg
Boizenburg (, ) is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Elbe, west of Ludwigslust, northeast of Lüneburg and east of Hamburg. It is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Boizenburg's historical old town stretches along the Elbe, has a harbour and offers heritage baroque timberframe and brick buildings. As per the dictates of the Yalta Conference, Boizenburg was placed just a few kilometers behind the perimeter of the Iron Curtain, otherwise known as the 'Inner German Border'. History The German name ''Boyceneburg'' was first documented in 1158. The written form changed to ''Boiceneburg'' (1171) and then ''Boizeneburg'' (1195). The old Low German name for the town and river (Boize) likely stems from the Slavic ''boj'' for war. Boizenburg suffered during the Thirty Years' War and its old castle was burnt down by Swedish troops in 1628. In 1709 the church and 160 or more me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conciliator Faction
The Conciliator faction was an opposition group within the Communist Party of Germany during the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. In East Germany, after World War II, the German word for conciliator, ''Versöhnler'', became a term for anti-Marxist political tendencies. Background The faction emerged in the mid-1920s from the "middle group" aligned with Ernst Meyer. Meyer, a high-ranking member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), was elected to its central committee in 1927. Along with the faction led by Ernst Thälmann, they formed the leadership of the KPD from 1926 to 1928. The leading people aligned with Meyer were Hugo Eberlein, Arthur Ewert, Heinrich Süßkind, Gerhart Eisler and Georg SchumannUlrich Weißgerber''Giftige Worte der SED-Diktatur: Sprache als Instrument von Machtausübung und Ausgrenzung in der SBZ und der DDR''LIT Verlag Dr. W. Hopf, Berlin (2010) pp. 356-357. . Retrieved July 18, 2011 and came from the ranks of trade unionists, intellectuals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1930 German Federal Election
A federal election was held in Germany on 14 September 1930 to elect the fifth Reichstag of the Weimar Republic. Despite losing ten seats, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) remained the largest party in the Reichstag, winning 143 of the 577 seats, while the Nazi Party (NSDAP) dramatically increased its number of seats from 12 to 107. The Communists also increased their parliamentary representation, gaining 23 seats and becoming the third-largest party in the Reichstag. The government of Chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party lost its majority in the Reichstag as a result of the election. With President Paul von Hindenburg's support, his new cabinet became the first of the three presidential cabinets that governed through presidential emergency decrees rather than the pariliament. Background After the 1928 German federal election, a five-party grand coalition was formed under Hermann Müller of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Following the collaps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1928 German Federal Election
A federal election was held in Germany on 20 May 1928 to elect the fourth Reichstag of the Weimar Republic.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p762 It resulted in a significant shift to the left, with gains for the socialists and communists and losses for the nationalists. The centre-right government of Wilhelm Marx was replaced by a centre-left grand coalition government led by Hermann Müller of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Background During the almost four years since the previous Reichstag election in December 1924, Germany had been governed by four conservative cabinets, two of which included the radical nationalist German National People's Party (DNVP) and none the Social Democratic Party (SPD), which had the most seats of any party in the Reichstag. The final cabinet of Wilhelm Marx of the Catholic Centre Party collapsed in February 1928 due to a dispute over education policy, and an election was called for Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl August Wittfogel
Karl August Wittfogel (; 6 September 1896 – 25 May 1988) was a German-American playwright, historian, and sinologist. He was originally a Marxist and an active member of the Communist Party of Germany, but after the Second World War, he was an equally fierce anticommunist. Life and career Karl August Wittfogel was born 6 September 1896 at Woltersdorf, in Lüchow, Province of Hanover to a Lutheran schoolteacher. Wittfogel left school in 1914. He studied philosophy, history, sociology, geography at Leipzig University and also in Munich, Berlin and Rostock and in 1919 again in Berlin. From 1921 he studied sinology in Leipzig. In between Wittfogel was drafted into a Signal Corps Unit (''Fernmeldeeinheit'') in 1917. In 1921 Wittfogel married Rose Schlesinger. Wittfogel's second wife was Olga (Joffe) Lang, a Russian sociologist who traveled with him to China and collaborated with him on a project to analyze the Chinese family. Lang later published a monograph on the Chinese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
György Lukács
György Lukács (born Bernát György Löwinger; ; ; 13 April 1885 – 4 June 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, literary historian, literary critic, and Aesthetics, aesthetician. He was one of the founders of Western Marxism, an interpretive tradition that departed from the Soviet Marxist ideological orthodoxy. He developed the theory of reification (Marxism), reification, and contributed to Marxist theory with developments of Karl Marx's theory of class consciousness. He was also a philosopher of Leninism. He ideologically developed and organised Lenin's pragmatic revolutionary practices into the formal philosophy of vanguard-party revolution. Lukács was especially influential as a critic due to his theoretical developments of literary realism and of the novel as a literary genre. In 1919, he was appointed the Hungarian Minister of Culture of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic (March–August 1919). Lukács has been described as the preeminen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
