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Ebola
Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. These are usually followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and decreased liver and kidney function, at which point some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. It kills between 25% and 90% of those infected – about 50% on average. Death is often due to shock from fluid loss, and typically occurs between 6 and 16 days after the first symptoms appear. Early treatment of symptoms increases the survival rate considerably compared to late start.Ebola in Uganda: An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids, such as blood from infected humans or other animals, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ebola Vaccine
Ebola vaccines are vaccines either approved or in development to prevent Ebola. As of 2022, there are only vaccines against the Zaire ebolavirus. The first vaccine to be approved in the United States was rVSV-ZEBOV in December 2019. It had been used extensively in the Kivu Ebola epidemic under a compassionate use protocol. During the early 21st century, several vaccine candidates displayed efficacy to protect nonhuman primates (usually macaques) against lethal infection. Vaccines include replication-deficient adenovirus vectors, replication-competent vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and human parainfluenza (HPIV-3) vectors, and virus-like nanoparticle preparations. Conventional trials to study efficacy by exposure of humans to the pathogen after immunization are not ethical in this case. For such situations, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established the " animal efficacy rule" allowing licensure to be approved on the basis of animal model studies that repl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ebolavirus
The genus ''Ebolavirus'' (- or ; - or ) is a International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, virological taxon included in the family ''Filoviridae'' (filament-shaped viruses), order ''Mononegavirales''. The members of this genus are called ebolaviruses, and encode their genome in the form of RNA virus#Group V—negative-sense ssRNA viruses, single-stranded negative-sense RNA. The six known virus International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, species are named for the region where each was originally identified: ''Bundibugyo ebolavirus'', ''Reston ebolavirus'', ''Sudan ebolavirus'', ''Taï Forest ebolavirus'' (originally ''Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus''), ''Zaire ebolavirus'', and ''Bombali ebolavirus''. The last is the most recent species to be named and was isolated from Angolan free-tailed bats in Sierra Leone. Each species of the genus ''Ebolavirus'' has one member virus, and four of these cause Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans, a type of Viral hemorrhagic fever, hemorrhagic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab
Atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab, sold under the brand name INMAZEB, is a fixed-dose combination of three monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of ''Zaire ebolavirus'' (Ebola virus). It was developed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and contains three human monoclonal antibodies, atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn. The most common side effects include fever, chills, tachycardia (fast heart rate), tachypnea (fast breathing), and vomiting; however, these are also common symptoms of Ebola virus infection. Atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab is the first FDA-approved treatment for ''Zaire ebolavirus''. Atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2020. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Medical uses Atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab is indicated for the treatment of infection caused by ''Zaire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1976 Zaire Ebola Virus Outbreak
In August–November 1976, an outbreak of Ebola virus disease occurred in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The first recorded case was from Yambuku, a small village in Mongala District, northeast of the capital city of Kinshasa. The virus responsible for the initial outbreak, named after the nearby Ebola River, was first thought to be Marburg virus but was later identified as a new type of virus related to the genus ''Marburgvirus''. A total of 318 cases and 280 deaths (an 88% fatality rate) resulted from this outbreak, which, along with an outbreak in South Sudan that had begun a few weeks previously, were the first outbreaks of Ebola ever recorded. History The people of north-central Zaire were most heavily affected by this specific epidemic. This area is located within the Bumba Territory, Bumba Zone in the Équateur (former province), Equator Region, which consists mostly of tropical rainforests in the biome. In 1976, there were approximately 275,000 peop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bushmeat
Bushmeat is meat from wildlife species that are Hunting, hunted for human consumption. Bushmeat represents a primary source of animal protein and a cash-earning commodity in poor and rural communities of humid tropical forest regions of the world. The numbers of animals killed and traded as bushmeat in 1994 in West Africa, West and Central Africa were thought to be unsustainable. By 2005, commercial harvesting and trading of bushmeat was considered a threat to biodiversity. As of 2016, 301 terrestrial mammals were threatened with extinction due to hunting for bushmeat including non-human primates, even-toed ungulates, bats, Diprotodontia, diprotodont marsupials, rodents and carnivores occurring in developing country, developing countries. Bushmeat provides increased opportunity for transmission of several zoonotic viruses from animal hosts to humans, such as ''Ebolavirus'' and HIV. Nomenclature The term 'bushmeat' is originally an African term for wildlife species that are hu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayinga N'Seka
Mayinga N'Seka (1954 – October 19, 1976) was a nurse in Zaïre, now Democratic Republic of the Congo. She died from Ebola virus disease during the 1976 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak, 1976 epidemic in Zaïre. She was incorrectly identified as the index case by several sources, but a World Health Organization commission report on the outbreak lists a man from Yambuku, Mabalo Lokela, as the index case. Lokela, a 44-year-old who had been buying meat in Sudan, died on September 8, 1976, over a month before N'Seka. Biography N'Seka worked as a nurse at Mbalad Hospital in Kinshasa and contracted Ebola after caring for a Roman Catholic nun who had flown in for treatment from the Yambuku Mission Hospital, where the outbreak began. Mayinga died at Ngaleima Hospital on October 19, 1976. There were 318 cases in that outbreak, which had an 88% mortality rate. In his book about the 1976 outbreak, ''Ebola'', William Close writes that N'Seka had treated a nun, Sister Fermina, who worked at the Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of diseases. "Viral" means a health problem caused by infection from a virus, "hemorrhagic" means to bleed, and "fever" means an unusually high body temperature. Bleeding and fever are common signs of VHFs, which is how the group of infections got its common name. There are five known families of RNA viruses which cause VHFs: '' Arenaviridae'', ''Filoviridae'', ''Flaviviridae'', ''Hantaviridae'', and ''Rhabdoviridae''. Some VHFs are usually mild, such as nephropathia epidemica (within the family ''Hantaviridae''). But some are usually severe and have a high death rate, such as Ebola virus (within the family ''Filoviridae''). All VHFs can potentially cause severe blood loss, high fever, and death. Both humans and non human animals can be infected. Signs and symptoms The following are signs and symptoms of most or all VHFs. *Circulatory shock *Diarrhea (feces which resemble more liquid than solid) *Headache *Hypotension (lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of diseases. "Viral" means a health problem caused by infection from a virus, " hemorrhagic" means to bleed, and "fever" means an unusually high body temperature. Bleeding and fever are common signs of VHFs, which is how the group of infections got its common name. There are five known families of RNA viruses which cause VHFs: '' Arenaviridae'', '' Filoviridae'', '' Flaviviridae'', '' Hantaviridae'', and ''Rhabdoviridae''. Some VHFs are usually mild, such as nephropathia epidemica (within the family ''Hantaviridae''). But some are usually severe and have a high death rate, such as Ebola virus (within the family ''Filoviridae''). All VHFs can potentially cause severe blood loss, high fever, and death. Both humans and non human animals can be infected. Signs and symptoms The following are signs and symptoms of most or all VHFs. * Circulatory shock *Diarrhea (feces which resemble more liquid than solid) *Headache *Hypotens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a list of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations which coordinates responses to international public health issues and emergencies. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has 6 regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide. Only sovereign states are eligible to join, and it is the largest intergovernmental health organization at the international level. The WHO's purpose is to achieve the highest possible level of health for all the world's people, defining health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." The main functions of the World Health Organization include promoting the control of epidemic and endemic diseases; providing and improving the teaching and training in public health, the medical treatment of disease, and related matters; and promoting the establishment of international standards for biologic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fever
Fever or pyrexia in humans is a symptom of an anti-infection defense mechanism that appears with Human body temperature, body temperature exceeding the normal range caused by an increase in the body's temperature Human body temperature#Fever, set point in the hypothalamus. There is no single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature: sources use values ranging between in humans. The increase in set point triggers increased muscle tone, muscle contractions and causes a feeling of cold or chills. This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat. When the set point temperature returns to normal, a person feels hot, becomes Flushing (physiology), flushed, and may begin to Perspiration, sweat. Rarely a fever may trigger a febrile seizure, with this being more common in young children. Fevers do not typically go higher than . A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from non-serious to life-threatening. This includes viral infection, viral, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
