|
Eastern Pact
{{distinguish, Easter Pact The Eastern Pact was a proposed mutual-aid treaty, intended to bring France, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania together in opposition to Nazi Germany. The idea of the Eastern Pact was advanced early in 1934 by the French minister of foreign affairs, Louis Barthou, and was actively supported by the Soviet government. In May and June 1934, the Soviet Union and France agreed to conclude a bilateral treaty providing for France's guaranteeing of the Eastern Pact and the guaranteeing of the Locarno Treaties of 1925 by the Soviet Union. On 14 June 1934 the Soviet government invited all interested states to participate in the Eastern Pact. Czechoslovakia (2 July), Latvia and Estonia (29 July), and Lithuania (3 August) declared their readiness to adhere to the pact. However, Estonia and Latvia made the adherence of Germany and Poland a condition of their own participation. The government of Finland avoided expressing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between sovereign states and/or international organizations that is governed by international law. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms; however, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties may be bilateral (between two countries) or multilateral (involving more than two countries). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations; the first known example is a border agreement between the Sumer, Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in some form by most major civilizations and became increasingly common and more sophisticated during the Early modern period, early modern era. The early 19th century saw developments in diplomacy, foreign policy, and international law reflected by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total population of over 84 million in an area of , making it the most populous member state of the European Union. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The Capital of Germany, nation's capital and List of cities in Germany by population, most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Settlement in the territory of modern Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic peoples, Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foreign Relations Of The Soviet Union
After the Russian Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks took over parts of the collapsing Russian Empire in 1918, they faced enormous odds against the German Empire and eventually negotiated terms to pull out of World War I. They then went to war against the White movement, Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War, pro-independence movements, Tambov rebellion, rebellious peasants, Kronstadt rebellion, former supporters, Makhnovshchina, anarchists and Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, foreign interventionists in the Russian Civil War, bitter civil war. They set up the Soviet Union in 1922 with Vladimir Lenin in charge. At first, it was treated as an unrecognized pariah state because of its Repudiation of debt at the Russian Revolution, repudiating of tsarist debts and threats to destroy capitalism at home and around the world. By 1922, Moscow had repudiated the goal of world revolution, and sought diplomatic recognition and friendly trade relations with the cap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of The Soviet Union
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between sovereign states and/or international organizations that is governed by international law. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms; however, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties may be bilateral (between two countries) or multilateral (involving more than two countries). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations; the first known example is a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in some form by most major civilizations and became increasingly common and more sophisticated during the early modern era. The early 19th century saw developments in diplomacy, foreign policy, and international law reflected by the widespread use of treat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1934 In International Relations
Events January–February * January 1 – The International Telecommunication Union, a specialist agency of the League of Nations, is established. * January 15 – The 8.0 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake, Nepal–Bihar earthquake strikes Nepal and Bihar with a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of XI (''Extreme''), killing an estimated 6,000–10,700 people. * February 6 – 6 February 1934 crisis, French political crisis: The French far-right leagues rally in front of the Palais Bourbon, in an attempted coup d'état against the French Third Republic, Third Republic. * February 9 ** Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France. ** Second Hellenic Republic, Greece, Kingdom of Romania, Romania, Turkey and Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia form the Balkan Pact. * February 12–February 15, 15 – Austrian Civil War: The Fatherland Front (Austria), Fatherland Front consolidates its power in a series of clashes across the country. * February 16 – The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franco-Soviet Treaty Of Mutual Assistance
The Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance was a bilateral treaty between France and the Soviet Union with the aim of enveloping Nazi Germany in 1935 to reduce the threat from Central Europe. It was pursued by Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet foreign minister, and Louis Barthou, the French foreign minister, who was assassinated in October 1934, before negotiations had been finished. His successor, Pierre Laval, was sceptical of the desirability and of the value of an alliance with the Soviet Union. However, after the declaration of German rearmament in March 1935, the French government forced the reluctant foreign minister to complete the arrangements with Moscow that Barthou had begun. Ratification The pact was concluded in Paris on 2 May 1935 and ratified by the French government in February 1936. Ratifications were exchanged in Moscow on 27 March 1936, and the pact went into effect the same day. It was registered in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'' on 18 April 1936. Lava ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact
The Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact was a non-aggression pact, signed between the Soviet Union and Estonia on May 4, 1932. It was ratified by Estonia on 29 July 1932 and the Soviet Union 5 August 1932, and entered into force on 18 August 1932 for the period of 3 years. The pact provided the opportunity to be renounced 6 months before expiration or by either Estonia or USSR at any time without notice in the event of an act of aggression by the other party against any third state. If not renounced the pact was to be prolonged each two years for indetermined period. The pact was prolonged until 31 December 1945 on 4 April 1934 and was again reaffirmed on 28 September 1939. However on 14th June 1940 the USSR blockaded Estonia by sea and air and occupied it on 16th. (See the article on Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact
The Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact (, , transliterated as ) was a non-aggression pact signed in 1932 by representatives of Poland and the Soviet Union. The pact was unilaterally broken on September 17, 1939, during the Soviet invasion of Poland. Background After the 1919-1921 Polish–Soviet War, the Polish authorities pursued a policy of "equal distance" between Germany and the Soviet Union. Most Polish politicians on both the left and the right believed that Poland should rely mostly on the crucial 1921 Franco-Polish alliance, which dated back to shortly after the First World War, and should support neither Germany nor the Soviet Union. To normalize bilateral contacts with the Soviets, talks were started in January 1926 to prepare a non-aggression pact to strengthen the Polish borders that had been established by the 1921 Peace of Riga and to balance it by a similar pact with Germany. However, negotiations with the Germans had not started when those with the Soviet Unio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact
Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact (Lithuanian: ''Lietuvos–SSRS nepuolimo sutartis'') was a non-aggression pact, signed between the Soviet Union and Lithuania on September 28, 1926. The pact confirmed all basic provisions of the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty of 1920. The Soviet Union continued to recognize Vilnius and Vilnius Region to Lithuania, despite the fact that the territories were under Polish control since the Żeligowski's Mutiny in 1920. It also recognized Lithuania's interests in the Klaipėda Region. In exchange Lithuania agreed not to join any alliances directed against the Soviet Union, which meant international isolation at the time when Soviet Union was not a member of the League of Nations. Ratifications were exchanged in Kaunas on November 9, 1926, and the pact became effective on the same day. The pact was registered in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'' on March 4, 1927. The pact was initiated by Lithuanians who sought a new direction in the foreign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact
The Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact was a non-aggression pact that was signed in 1932 by representatives of the Soviet Union and Finland and updated on 7 April 1934. The pact was unilaterally renounced by the Soviet Union in 1939 after it had shelled one of its villages and blamed Finland in a false-flag attack. Negotiations The Soviet Union had started negotiations regarding non-aggression pacts with its neighbouring European countries to secure its borders during the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. The negotiations between it and Finland started last but ended first. The non-aggression pact was signed by Finnish Foreign Minister Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen and Soviet Ambassador Ivan Maisky on 22 January 1932 at the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in Helsinki. It was ratified by the Parliament of Finland in July 1932 only after representatives of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had signed their own non-aggression pacts with the Soviet Union. Terms Both Finland and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Appeasement
Appeasement, in an International relations, international context, is a diplomacy, diplomatic negotiation policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power (international relations), power with intention to avoid conflict. The term is most often applied to Foreign relations of the United Kingdom, the foreign policy between 1935 and 1939 of the British governments of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prime Ministers Ramsay MacDonald, Stanley Baldwin and most notably Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Under United Kingdom, British pressure, appeasement of Nazism and Fascism also played a role in History of French foreign relations, French foreign policy of the period but was always much less popular there than in the United Kingdom. In the early 1930s, appeasing concessions were widely seen as desirable because of the anti-war reaction to the trauma of World War I (1914–1918), second thoughts about the perceived ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vlado Chernozemski
Vlado Chernozemski (Bulgarian language, Bulgarian: Владо Черноземски; born Velichko Dimitrov Kerin, ; 19 October 1897 – 9 October 1934) was a Bulgarians, Bulgarian revolutionary and assassin. He is also known as "Vlado the Chauffeur". Chernozemski began his revolutionary activities in 1922 when he joined the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). Soon after, he became an assassin for the IMRO. He killed two notable Bulgarian politicians, communist Dimo Hadzhidimov, and IMRO member Naum Tomalevski. Both times he was sentenced to death, but he escaped from his first imprisonment and was released from the second. After his release in 1932, he became an instructor for the Ustaše. He trained a group of three Ustaše to assassinate Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Alexander of Yugoslavia, but eventually Alexander I of Yugoslavia#Assassination, killed Alexander himself on 9 October 1934 in Marseille. He was then beaten by French police and spectators, and di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
