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EU Competition Law
In the European Union, competition law promotes the maintenance of competition within the European Single Market by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies to ensure that they do not create cartels and monopolies that would damage the interests of society. European competition law today derives mostly from articles 101 to 109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), as well as a series of Regulations and Directives. Four main policy areas include: *Cartels, or control of collusion and other anti-competitive practices, under article 101 TFEU. * Market dominance, or preventing the abuse of firms' dominant market positions under article 102 TFEU. *Mergers, control of proposed mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures involving companies that have a certain, defined amount of turnover in the EU, according to the European Union merger law. *State aid, control of direct and indirect aid given by Member States of the European Union to companies under ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berlaymont Building European Commission
The Berlaymont building () is an office building in Brussels, Belgium, which houses the headquarters of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union (EU). The structure is located on the Robert Schuman Roundabout at 200, rue de la Loi/Wetstraat, in what is known as the " European Quarter". The unique form of the Berlaymont's architecture is used in the European Commission's official emblem. The building is named after the former , which occupied the site. Usage The building has housed the European Commission since its construction, and has become a symbol of the European presence in Brussels and a metonym for the EU's executive power. The Commission itself is spread over some 60-odd buildings, but the Berlaymont is the Commission's headquarters, being the seat of the President of the European Commission and its College of Commissioners. The following Directorates-General (departments) are also based in the Berlaymont: Human Resources and Security (HR) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the primary Executive (government), executive arm of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with a number of European Commissioner, members of the Commission (directorial system, informally known as "commissioners") corresponding to two thirds of the number of Member state of the European Union, member states, unless the European Council, acting unanimously, decides to alter this number. The current number of commissioners is 27, including the president. It includes an administrative body of about 32,000 European civil servants. The commission is divided into departments known as Directorate-General, Directorates-General (DGs) that can be likened to departments or Ministry (government department), ministries each headed by a director-general who is responsible to a commissioner. Currently, there is one member per European Union member state, member state, but members are bound by their oath of office to represent the genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2004 Enlargement Of The European Union
The largest enlargement of the European Union (EU), in terms of number of states and population, took place on 1 May 2004. The simultaneous accessions concerned the following countries (sometimes referred to as the "A10" countries): Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Seven of these were part of the former Eastern Bloc (of which three were from the former Soviet Union and four were and still are member states of the Central European alliance Visegrád Group). Slovenia was a non-aligned country prior to independence, and it was one of the former republics of Yugoslavia (together sometimes referred to as the "A8" countries), and the remaining two were Mediterranean island countries, both member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. Part of the same wave of enlargement was the 2007 enlargement of the European Union, accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, who were unable to join in 2004, but, according to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corporate Behaviour
Corporate behaviour is the actions of a company or group who are acting as a single body. It defines the company's ethical strategies and describes the image of the company. Studies on corporate behaviour show the link between corporate communication and the formation of its identity. Role Not only does corporate behaviour play various roles within different areas of a business, it also enables businesses to overcome any problems they may face. For example, due to an increase in globalisation, language barriers are likely to increase for organisations creating major problems as day-to-day business may be disrupted. Corporate behaviour enables managers to overcome this problem by improving flexibility. Also, many businesses are struggling to remain competitive in terms of quality and productivity due to intense competition within markets. However, corporate behaviour is able to fix this issue by allowing managers to empower their employees as they are the ones who are able to make ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grundig
Grundig ( , , ) is a Turkish home appliances and consumer electronics brand. It is owned by Arçelik A.Ş., the white goods (major appliance) manufacturer of Turkish conglomerate Koç Holding. Originally a German consumer electronics company, Grundig GmbH was founded in 1945 by Max Grundig and was headquartered for the most part in Nuremberg until its insolvency in 2003. The Grundig company helped fuel the post-war economic miracle of West Germany and it grew to become one of the leading manufacturers in the world of radio, TV, recording and other electronic equipment in the following decades. In the 1970s, Philips began acquiring Grundig's shares, leading to complete control in 1993, but Philips divested Grundig by 1998. Grundig filed for bankruptcy in April 2003 after years of losses and strong competition from cheaper Asian competitors. Most of the former Grundig business was acquired by a Turkish-British joint venture of Beko and Alba in 2004, who relaunched the Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Schuman
Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman (; 29 June 1886 – 4 September 1963) was a Luxembourg-born France, French statesman. Schuman was a Christian democrat, Christian democratic (Popular Republican Movement) political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building postwar European and trans-Atlantic institutions and was one of the founders of the European Communities, the Council of Europe and NATO. The 1964–1965 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. In 2021, Schuman was declared venerable by Pope Francis in recognition of his acting on Christian principles. Early life Schuman was born in 29 June 1886 in Clausen, Luxembourg, inheriting his father's German citizenship. His father, Jean-Pierre Schuman (d. 1900), who was a native of Lorraine (region), Lorraine and was born a French citizen, had become a German citizen when Lorraine was annexed by Germany i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Monnet
Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet (; 9 November 1888 – 16 March 1979) was a French civil servant, entrepreneur, diplomat, financier, and administrator. An influential supporter of European unity, he is considered one of the founding fathers of the European Union. Jean Monnet has been called "The Father of Europe" by those who see his innovative and pioneering efforts in the 1950s as the key to establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, the predecessor of today's European Union. Although Monnet was never elected to public office, he worked behind the scenes of American and European governments as a well-connected "pragmatic internationalist". For three decades, Jean Monnet and Charles de Gaulle had a multifaceted relationship, at some times cooperative and at other times distrustful, from a first encounter in London during the Battle of France in mid-June 1940 until De Gaulle's death in November 1970. Monnet and De Gaulle have been referred to together as "probably the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wealth Of Nations
''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'', usually referred to by its shortened title ''The Wealth of Nations'', is a book by the Scottish people, Scottish economist and moral philosophy, moral philosopher Adam Smith; published on 9 March 1776, it offers one of the first accounts of what builds nations' wealth. It has become a fundamental work in classical economics, and been described as "the first formulation of a comprehensive system of political economy". Reflecting upon economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Smith introduced key concepts such as the division of labour, productivity, free markets and the role prices play in resource allocation. The book fundamentally shaped the field of economics and provided a theoretical foundation for free market capitalism and economic policies that prevailed in the 19th century. A product of the Scottish Enlightenment and the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, the treatise offered a critical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A Smith
Adam Smith (baptised 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the field of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Seen by some as the "father of economics"——— or the "father of capitalism".———— He is known for two classic works: ''The Theory of Moral Sentiments'' (1759) and ''The Wealth of Nations, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'' (1776). The latter, often abbreviated as ''The Wealth of Nations'', is regarded as his ''magnum opus'', marking the inception of modern economic scholarship as a comprehensive system and an academic discipline. Smith refuses to explain the distribution of wealth and power in terms of divine will and instead appeals to natural, political, social, economic, legal, environmental and technological factors, as well as the interactions among them. The work is notable for its contribution to economic theory, particularly in its exposition o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of European Court Of Justice Rulings
The following is a list of notable judgments of the European Court of Justice. Principles of Union Law Direct effect Treaties, Regulations and Decisions * Van Gend en Loos 26/62 963ECR 1 "The uropean EconomicCommunity constitutes a new legal order of international law for the benefit of which the emberStates have limited their sovereign rights". "The Court ... has the jurisdiction to answer ... questions referred that ... relate to the interpretation of the treaty." * Franz Grad 9/70 970ECR-825 * Commission v Italy 39/72 973ECR 101 * Reyners 2/74 974ECR 631 * Defrenne II 976ECR 455 * Amsterdam Bulb 50/76 977ECR 137 States can provide in national legislation for appropriate sanctions which are not provided for in the regulation, and can continue to regulate various related issues which are not covered in the regulation * Zaera 126/86 987ECR 3697 * Azienda Agricola C-403/98 001ECR I-103 *Steinberg T-17/10 012625 *Sharif University T-181/13 014607 Dire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Brands Company V Commission Of The European Communities
''United Brands v Commission'' (1976Case 27/76 is an EU competition legal case concerning abuse of a dominant position in a relevant product market. The case involved the infamous "green banana clause". It is one of the most famous cases in European competition law, which seeks to curb cartels, collusion and other anti-competitive practices, and to curb abuse of dominant market positions. Facts United Brands Company (UBC) was the main supplier of bananas in Europe, using mainly the '' Chiquita'' brand. UBC forbade its distributors/ripeners to sell bananas that UBC did not supply. Also, UBC fixed pricing each week; charging a higher price in different Member States, and imposed unfair prices upon customers in Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union, Denmark, The Netherlands and Germany. The Commission viewed United Brands' action as a breach of Article 86 of the Treaty of Rome (now Art 102 of the TFEU). Article 86 prohibits "abuse of a dominant position" of a relevant market. The cas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consten SaRL And Grundig GmbH V Commission
''Consten SaRL and Grundig GmbH v Commission'' (1966Case 56/64is an EU competition law case, concerning vertical anti-competitive agreements. The Treaty provisions * Art 101(1): The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market: all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market. * Art 101(2): Any agreements or decisions prohibited pursuant to this section shall be automatically void. * Art 101(3): ''This subsection gives a list of derogations (or exceptions)''.The relevant articles were originally numbered 85 & 86, then 81 & 82, and finally 101 & 102. Facts Grundig GmbH contracted to distribute its electronic goods in France, and appointed Consten SaRL as its exclusive distributor. Grundig guaranteed that no other wholesaler would be a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
