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E133 Cluster Bomb
The E133 cluster bomb was a U.S. biological weapon developed during the Cold War. History The U.S. E133 cluster bomb was developed prior to Richard M. Nixon's 1969 declaration that ended the U.S. biological weapons program. At the time of Nixon's declaration the E133 was considered the most likely candidate in the U.S. biological arsenal to actually be used in a combat situation. Cirincione, Joseph, et al. ''Deadly Arsenals: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Threats'',Google Books, Carnegie Endowment, 2005, p. 60, (). Specifications The E133 cluster weighed 750 pounds. It held between 536Cirincione, Joseph.Defending America, '' Georgetown Journal of International Affairs'', Winter/Spring 2002, via ''Commonwealth Institute'', accessed January 4, 2009. and 544Chauhan, Sharad S. ''Biological Weapons'',Google Books, APH Publishing Corporation, 2004, p. 197, (). E61 bomblets, which when dropped would detonate on impact dispersing an aerosol of biological agent, usually anthrax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard M
Richard is a male given name. It originates, via Old French, from Frankish language, Old Frankish and is a Compound (linguistics), compound of the words descending from Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Germanic ''*rīk-'' 'ruler, leader, king' and ''*hardu-'' 'strong, brave, hardy', and it therefore means 'strong in rule'. Nicknames include "Richie", "Dick (nickname), Dick", "Dickon", "Dickie (name), Dickie", "Rich (given name), Rich", "Rick (given name), Rick", "Rico (name), Rico", "Ricky (given name), Ricky", and more. Richard is a common English (the name was introduced into England by the Normans), German and French male name. It's also used in many more languages, particularly Germanic, such as Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Dutch, as well as other languages including Irish, Scottish, Welsh and Finnish. Richard is cognate with variants of the name in other European languages, such as the Swedish "Rickard", the Portuguese and Spanish "Ricardo" and the Italian "Ricc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statement On Chemical And Biological Defense Policies And Programs
Statement or statements may refer to: Common uses *Statement (computer science), the smallest standalone element of an imperative programming language * Statement (logic and semantics), declarative sentence that is either true or false *Statement, a declarative phrase in language (linguistics) *Statement, a North American paper size of 5 1⁄2 in × 8 in (140 mm × 203 mm), also known under various names such as half letter and memo * Financial statement, formal summary of the financial activities of a business, person, or other entity * Mathematical statement, a statement in logic and mathematics * Political statement, any act or nonverbal form of communication that is intended to influence a decision to be made for or by a group * Press statement, written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media * Statement of Special Educational Needs, outlining specific provision needed for a child in England * Witness statement (law), a signed document recording the evi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Cirincione
Joseph Cirincione (, (born November 13, 1949) is a national security analyst and author. He served as the president of the Ploughshares Fund, a public grant-making foundation focused on nuclear nonproliferation and conflict resolution. He has one son, Peter Cirincione, who teaches government classes at Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland. Career Cirincione was appointed president of Ploughshares Fund on March 5, 2008. He retired from the position on July 1, 2020. He joined the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft as a non-resident fellow in September 2020, and is an adjunct faculty member at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He resigned from the Quincy Institute in August 2022 in protest of its dovish response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which he described as "a completely unjustified, unprovoked invasion of a sovereign state". He is the author or editor of seven books, including ''Nuclear Nightmares: Securing the Wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgetown Journal Of International Affairs
The ''Georgetown Journal of International Affairs'' is an annual peer-reviewed academic journal covering international affairs. It is published by the Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Walsh School of Foreign Service. The journal publishes articles from a wide range of international and interdisciplinary perspectives. The journal was established in 2000 and is indexed in Columbia International Affairs Online, ProQuest databases, Hein Online, Thomson Gale, and the Public Affairs Information Service. The print edition is published annually. Organization The organization has seven editorial sections (Conflict & Security, Global Governance, Human Rights & Development, Business & Economics, Science & Technology, Society & Culture, and Dialogues). The editors-in-chief of the online edition are Roman Messali and Sofia Wolinksi. The editors-in-chief of the print edition are Julio Wang Yuki Zhang. The organization also includes an Operations section, led by the Managing Edito ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commonwealth Institute
The Commonwealth Education Trust was a registered charity established in 2007 as the successor trust to the Commonwealth Institute. The trust focuses on primary and secondary education and the training of teachers and invests on educational products and services to achieve both a beneficial and a financial reward to fund future charitable initiatives. History The Commonwealth Institute was an educational and cultural organisation promoting the Commonwealth of Nations that was based in Kensington, London. It was established, as the Imperial Institute, by royal charter from Queen Victoria in 1888 on Imperial Institute Road (now Imperial College Road). Its name was changed to the Commonwealth Institute in 1958Commonwealth Institute Act 1958 ( 6 & 7 Eliz. 2. c. 16) and it moved to Kensington High Street in 1962. By statute, the operations were the responsibility of a minister of state from 1902Imperial Institute (Transfer) Act 1902 ( 2 Edw. 7. c. cxxxix) to 2003 Commonwealth A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E61 Bomblet
The E61 anthrax bomblet was an American biological sub-munition for the E133 cluster bomb. This anti-personnel weapon was developed in the early 1950s and carried 35 milliliters of anthrax spores or another pathogen. History Around October 1953 the United States Air Force reoriented its biological warfare program. One result of this, in anti-personnel weaponry, was a move away from weapons such as the M33 cluster bomb to the lethal E61 anthrax bomb.Whitby, Simon M. ''Biological Warfare Against Crops'',Google Books, Macmillan, 2002, pp. 114-15, (). The E61 was first developed in January 1951 as both an anti-personnel and anti-animal weapon capable of being clustered and dropped from a medium height.Endicott, Stephen Lyon and Hagerman, Edward. ''The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea'',Google Books, Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 72, (). On March 5, 1954, a directive from the U.S. Department of Defense altered the course of the U.S. bio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Agent
Biological agents, also known as biological weapons or bioweapons, are pathogens used as weapons. In addition to these living or replicating pathogens, toxins and Toxin#Biotoxins, biotoxins are also included among the bio-agents. More than 1,200 different kinds of potentially weaponizable bio-agents have been described and studied to date. Some biological agents have the ability to adversely affect health, human health in a variety of ways, ranging from relatively mild allergy, allergic reactions to serious medical conditions, including serious injury, as well as serious or permanent disability or death. Many of these organisms are ubiquitous in the natural environment where they are found in water, soil, plants, or animals. Bio-agents may be amenable to "weaponization" to render them easier to deploy or disseminate. Genetic engineering, Genetic modification may enhance their incapacitating or lethal properties, or render them impervious to conventional treatments or preventive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthrax
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium '' Bacillus anthracis'' or ''Bacillus cereus'' biovar ''anthracis''. Infection typically occurs by contact with the skin, inhalation, or intestinal absorption. Symptom onset occurs between one day and more than two months after the infection is contracted. The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center. The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The intestinal form presents with diarrhea (which may contain blood), abdominal pains, nausea, and vomiting. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the first clinical descriptions of cutaneous anthrax were given by Maret in 1752 and Fournier in 1769. Before that, anthrax had been described only in historical accounts. The German scientist Robert Koch was the first to identify ''Bacillus anthracis'' as the bacterium that causes anthrax. Anthra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Polka Dot
Operation Polka Dot was a U.S. Army test of a biological cluster bomb during the early 1950s. Operation Operation Polka Dot was a field test of the E133 cluster bomb undertaken at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah during the early 1950s. The operation was detailed in a July 18, 1955 U.S. Army report that also detailed Operation Trouble Maker.U.S. National Research Council, Subcommittee on Zinc Cadmium Sulfide. ''Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion'',Google Books, National Academies Press, 1997, pp. 44-52, (). The operation was classified "secret" Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments. "U.S. Chemical Warfare Policy",Google Books, 93rd U.S. Congress - 2nd Session, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974, p. 340. and involved filling the munitions with the biological agent Biological agents, also known as biological weapons or bioweapons, are pathogens used as weapons. In addition to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Weapon Delivery Systems
Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It is a broad natural science that encompasses a wide range of fields and unifying principles that explain the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of life. Central to biology are five fundamental themes: the cell as the basic unit of life, genes and heredity as the basis of inheritance, evolution as the driver of biological diversity, energy transformation for sustaining life processes, and the maintenance of internal stability (homeostasis). Biology examines life across multiple levels of organization, from molecules and cells to organisms, populations, and ecosystems. Subdisciplines include molecular biology, physiology, ecology, evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and systematics, among others. Each of these fields applies a range of methods to investigate biological phenomena, including observation, experimentation, and mathematical modeling. Modern biology is grounded i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cluster Munitions
A cluster munition is a form of air-dropped or ground-launched explosive weapon that releases or ejects smaller submunitions. Commonly, this is a cluster bomb that ejects explosive bomblets that are designed to kill personnel and destroy vehicles. Other cluster munitions are designed to destroy runways or electric power transmission lines. Because cluster bombs release many small bomblets over a wide area, they pose risks to civilians both during attacks and afterwards. Unexploded ordnance, Unexploded bomblets can kill or maim civilians and unintended targets long after a conflict has ended, and are costly to locate and remove. This failure rate ranges from 2 percent to over 40 percent. Cluster munitions are prohibited for those nations that ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions, adopted in Dublin, Ireland, in May 2008. The Convention entered into force and became binding international law upon ratifying states on 1 August 2010, six months after being ratified by 30 st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
