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Duality (electrical Circuits)
In electrical engineering, electrical terms are associated into pairs called duals. A dual of a relationship is formed by interchanging voltage and Electric current, current in an expression. The dual expression thus produced is of the same form, and the reason that the dual is always a valid statement can be traced to the Duality (electricity and magnetism), duality of electricity and magnetism. Here is a partial list of electrical dualities: * voltage – current * Series and parallel circuits, parallel – series (circuits) * Electrical resistance, resistance – Electrical conductance, conductance * voltage divider, voltage division – current divider, current division * Electrical impedance, impedance – admittance * capacitance – inductance * Reactance (electronics), reactance – susceptance * short circuit – wikt:open circuit, open circuit * Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) – Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) * Thévenin's theorem &nd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrical Engineering
Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, and systems that use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after the commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electrical power generation, distribution, and use. Electrical engineering is divided into a wide range of different fields, including computer engineering, systems engineering, power engineering, telecommunications, radio-frequency engineering, signal processing, instrumentation, photovoltaic cells, electronics, and optics and photonics. Many of these disciplines overlap with other engineering branches, spanning a huge number of specializations including hardware engineering, power electronics, Electromagnetism, electromagnetics and waves, microwave engineering, nanotechnology, electrochemistry, renewable energies, mechatronics/control ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Short Circuit
A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path with no or very low electrical impedance. This results in an excessive current flowing through the circuit. The opposite of a short circuit is an open circuit, which is an infinite resistance (or very high impedance) between two nodes. Definition A short circuit is an abnormal connection between two nodes of an electric circuit intended to be at different voltages. This results in an electric current limited only by the Thévenin equivalent resistance of the rest of the network which can cause circuit damage, overheating, fire or explosion. Although usually the result of a fault, there are cases where short circuits are caused intentionally, for example, for the purpose of voltage-sensing crowbar circuit protectors. In circuit analysis, a ''short circuit'' is defined as a connection between two nodes that forces them to be at the sam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Dualities
Mathematics In mathematics, a duality, generally speaking, translates concepts, theorems or mathematical structures into other concepts, theorems or structures, in a one-to-one fashion, often (but not always) by means of an involution operation: if the dual of ''A'' is ''B'', then the dual of ''B'' is ''A''. * Alexander duality * Alvis–Curtis duality * Artin–Verdier duality * Beta-dual space * Coherent duality * Conjugate hyperbola * De Groot dual * Dual abelian variety * Dual basis in a field extension * Dual bundle * Dual curve * Dual (category theory) * Dual graph * Dual group * Dual object * Dual pair * Dual polygon * Dual polyhedron * Dual problem * Dual representation * Dual q-Hahn polynomials * Dual q-Krawtchouk polynomials * Dual space * Dual topology * Dual wavelet * Duality (optimization) * Duality (order theory) * Duality of stereotype spaces * Duality (projective geometry) * Duality theory for distributive lattices * Dualizing complex * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mechanical–electrical Analogies
Mechanical–electrical analogies are the representation of mechanical systems as electrical networks. At first, such analogies were used in reverse to help explain electrical phenomena in familiar mechanical terms. James Clerk Maxwell introduced analogies of this sort in the 19th century. However, as electrical network analysis matured it was found that certain mechanical problems could more easily be solved through an electrical analogy. Theoretical developments in the electrical domain that were particularly useful were the representation of an electrical network as an abstract topological diagram (the circuit diagram) using the lumped element model and the ability of network analysis to synthesise a network to meet a prescribed frequency function. This approach is especially useful in the design of mechanical filters—these use mechanical devices to implement an electrical function. However, the technique can be used to solve purely mechanical problems, and can a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dual Graph
In the mathematics, mathematical discipline of graph theory, the dual graph of a planar graph is a graph that has a vertex (graph theory), vertex for each face (graph theory), face of . The dual graph has an edge (graph theory), edge for each pair of faces in that are separated from each other by an edge, and a self-loop when the same face appears on both sides of an edge. Thus, each edge of has a corresponding dual edge, whose endpoints are the dual vertices corresponding to the faces on either side of . The definition of the dual depends on the choice of embedding of the graph , so it is a property of plane graphs (graphs that are already embedded in the plane) rather than planar graphs (graphs that may be embedded but for which the embedding is not yet known). For planar graphs generally, there may be multiple dual graphs, depending on the choice of planar embedding of the graph. Historically, the first form of graph Duality (mathematics), duality to be recognized was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dual Impedance
Dual Electrical impedance, impedance and dual network are terms used in Network analysis (electronics), electronic network analysis. The dual of an impedance Z is its reciprocal, or algebraic inverse Z'=\frac. For this reason, the dual impedance is also called the inverse impedance. Another way of stating this is that the dual of Z is the admittance Y'=Z'. The dual of a network is the network whose impedances are the duals of the original impedances. In the case of a black-box network with multiple Port (circuit theory), ports, the impedance looking into each port must be the dual of the impedance of the corresponding port of the dual network. This is consistent with the general notion Duality (electrical circuits), duality of electric circuits, where the voltage and current are interchanged, etc., since Z=\frac yields Z'=\frac __TOC__ Scaled and normalised duals In physical units, the dual is taken with respect to some nominal or characteristic impedance. To do this, Z and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duality (mechanical Engineering)
In mechanical engineering, many terms are associated into pairs called duals. A dual of a relationship is formed by interchanging force (stress) and deformation (strain) in an expression. Here is a partial list of mechanical dualities: * force — deformation * stress — strain * stiffness method — flexibility method Examples Constitutive relation * stress and strain (Hooke's law.) :: \sigma = E \varepsilon \iff \varepsilon = \frac{E} \sigma \, See also * Duality (electrical circuits) * Hydraulic analogy * List of dualities * Mechanical–electrical analogies * Series and parallel springs References * Fung, Y. C., ''A First Course in CONTINUUM MECHANICS'', 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1977 Mechanical engineering Mechanical engineering Mechanical engineering is the study of physical machines and mechanism (engineering), mechanisms that may involve force and movement. It is an engineering branch that combines engineering physics and engine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circuit Theory
Circuit may refer to: Science and technology Electrical engineering * Electrical circuit, a complete electrical network with a closed-loop giving a return path for current ** Analog circuit, uses continuous signal levels ** Balanced circuit, paths are impedance-matched ** Circuit analysis, the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, every component in an electrical circuit ** Circuit diagram, a graphical representation of an electrical circuit ** Digital circuit, uses discrete signal levels ** Electronic circuit, contains "active" (nonlinear) electronic components capable of performing amplification, computation, and data transfer *** Asynchronous circuit, or self-timed circuit, a sequential digital logic circuit that is not governed by a clock circuit or global clock signal *** Integrated circuit, a set of electronic circuits on a small "chip" of semiconductor material **** Mixed-signal integrated circuit, contains both analog and digital signals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norton's Theorem
In Direct current, direct-current circuit theory, Norton's theorem, also called the Mayer–Norton theorem, is a simplification that can be applied to Electrical network, networks made of Linear time-invariant system, linear time-invariant Resistor, resistances, Voltage source, voltage sources, and Current source, current sources. At a pair of terminals of the network, it can be replaced by a current source and a single resistor in parallel. For alternating current (AC) systems the theorem can be applied to Reactive power, reactive Electrical impedance, impedances as well as resistances. The Norton equivalent circuit is used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton's theorem and its dual, Thévenin's theorem, are widely used for circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit's Initial condition, initial-condition and Steady state (electronics), steady-state response. Norton's theorem was independently derived in 1926 by Siem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thévenin's Theorem
As originally stated in terms of direct-current resistance (electricity), resistive circuits only, Thévenin's theorem states that ''"Any linear circuit, linear electrical network containing only voltage source, voltage sources, current source, current sources and resistance (electricity), resistances can be replaced at terminals by an equivalent combination of a voltage source in a series and parallel circuit, series connection with a resistance ."'' * The equivalent voltage is the voltage obtained at terminals of the network with terminals open-circuit voltage, open circuited. * The equivalent resistance is the resistance that the circuit between terminals and would have if all ideal voltage sources in the circuit were replaced by a short circuit and all ideal current sources were replaced by an open circuit (i.e., the sources are set to provide zero voltages and currents). * If terminals and are connected to one another (short), then the current flowing from and wil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two equalities that deal with the current and potential difference (commonly known as voltage) in the lumped element model of electrical circuits. They were first described in 1845 by German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. This generalized the work of Georg Ohm and preceded the work of James Clerk Maxwell. Widely used in electrical engineering, they are also called Kirchhoff's rules or simply Kirchhoff's laws. These laws can be applied in time and frequency domains and form the basis for network analysis. Both of Kirchhoff's laws can be understood as corollaries of Maxwell's equations in the low-frequency limit. They are accurate for DC circuits, and for AC circuits at frequencies where the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are very large compared to the circuits. Kirchhoff's current law This law, also called Kirchhoff's first law, or Kirchhoff's junction rule, states that, for any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of curre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kirchhoff's Current Law
Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two Equality (mathematics), equalities that deal with the Electric current, current and potential difference (commonly known as voltage) in the lumped element model of electrical circuits. They were first described in 1845 by German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. This generalized the work of Georg Ohm and preceded the work of James Clerk Maxwell. Widely used in electrical engineering, they are also called Kirchhoff's rules or simply Kirchhoff's laws. These laws can be applied in time and frequency domains and form the basis for Network analysis (electrical circuits), network analysis. Both of Kirchhoff's laws can be understood as corollaries of Maxwell's equations in the low-frequency limit. They are accurate for DC circuits, and for AC circuits at frequencies where the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are very large compared to the circuits. Kirchhoff's current law This law, also called Kirchhoff's first law, or Kirchhoff's junction rule, st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
