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Dissident Left
The Dissident Left ( it, Sinistra dissidente), commonly named The Pentarchy ( it, La Pentarchia) for its five leaders, was a progressive and radical parliamentary group active in Italy during the last decades of the 19th century. History It emerged in 1880 from the left-wing of the two dominant parliamentary groups, the Historical Left, in opposition to the ''trasformismo'' of Agostino Depretis. In the 1880 general election, the party won 19.7% of the vote and 119 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.Dieter Nohlen; Philip Stöver (2010). ''Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook''. p. 1047. . The Pentarchy was a group formed led by Francesco Crispi and composed also by Giuseppe Zanardelli, Benedetto Cairoli, Giovanni Nicotera, Agostino Magliani, Alfredo Beccarini and Gabriele D'Annunzio. Initially split from the Left in 1880, this group re-merged in to the Left in 1887. Ideology The Dissident Left supported statist and progressive internal policies, expansionism and Germanophile fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giuseppe Zanardelli
Giuseppe Zanardelli (29 October 1826 26 December 1903) was an Italian jurist and political figure. He served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 15 February 1901 to 3 November 1903. An eloquent orator, he was also a Grand Master freemason. Zanardelli, representing the bourgeoisie from Lombardy, personified the classical 19th-century liberalism, committed to suffrage expansion, anticlericalism, civil liberties, free trade and laissez-faire economics.De Grand, ''The hunchback's tailor''p. 17/ref> Throughout his long political career, he was among the most ardent advocates of freedom of conscience and divorce.Seton-Watson, ''Italy from liberalism to fascism'', pp. 47–48 Early life Giuseppe Zanardelli was born in Brescia ( Lombardy) on 29 October 1826. He was a combatant in the volunteer corps during the First Italian War of Independence of 1848 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia, within the era of Italian unification (Risorgimento). After the lost battle o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1880 Italian General Election
General elections were held in Italy on 16 May 1880, with a second round of voting on 23 May.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 Campaign The Historical Left was led by the Prime Minister of Italy, Agostino Depretis, longtime Prime Minister of Italy. The bloc of the Historical Right was led by Marco Minghetti, a conservative politician and former Prime Minister, from Bologna. A third large parliamentary group was the Dissident Left, composed by former members of the Left, which were against the alliance with the Right. Also known as ''La Pentarchia'' (The Pentarchy), its main leader was Giuseppe Zanardelli, a jurisconsult from Brescia. Parties and leaders Results The Historical Left group emerged as the largest in Parliament, although left-wing dissidents won 119 of the 508 seats, becoming the third parliamentary group. Only 621,896 men of a total population of around 29 million were entitled to vote.Nohlen & Stöver, p1049 Be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1882 Italian General Election
General elections were held in Italy on 29 October 1882, with a second round of voting on 5 November.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 The "ministerial" left-wing bloc emerged as the largest in Parliament, winning 289 of the 508 seats.Nohlen & Stöver, p1082 Electoral system Shortly before the elections the voting age was lowered from 25 to 21 and the tax requirement lowered from ₤40 to ₤19.80, whilst men with three years of primary education were exempted from it.Nohlen & Stöver, pp1029-1030 This resulted in the number of eligible voters increasing from 621,896 at the 1880 elections to 2,017,829.Nohlen & Stöver, p1049 The electoral system was changed from one based on single-member constituencies to one based on small multi-member constituencies with between two and five seats. Voters had as many votes as there were candidates, except in constituencies with five seats, in which they were limited to four votes.Nohlen & St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chamber Of Deputies (Italy)
The Chamber of Deputies ( it, Camera dei deputati) is the lower house of the bicameral Italian Parliament (the other being the Senate of the Republic). The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. The Chamber of Deputies has 400 seats, of which 392 will be elected from Italian constituencies, and 8 from Italian citizens living abroad. Deputies are styled ''The Honourable'' (Italian: ''Onorevole'') and meet at Palazzo Montecitorio. Location The seat of the Chamber of Deputies is the '' Palazzo Montecitorio'', where it has met since 1871, shortly after the capital of the Kingdom of Italy was moved to Rome at the successful conclusion of the Italian unification ''Risorgimento'' movement. Previously, the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy had been briefly at the '' Palazzo Carignano'' in Turin (1861–1865) and the '' Palazzo Vecchio'' in Florence (1865–1871). Under the Fascist regi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prime Minister Of Italy
The Prime Minister of Italy, officially the President of the Council of Ministers ( it, link=no, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is established by articles 92–96 of the Constitution of Italy; the president of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the president of the Republic and must have the confidence of the Parliament to stay in office. Prior to the establishment of the Italian Republic, the position was called President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy (''Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri del Regno d'Italia''). From 1925 to 1943 during the Fascist regime, the position was transformed into the dictatorial position of Head of the Government, Prime Minister Secretary of State (''Capo del Governo, Primo Ministro Segretario di Stato'') held by Benito Mussolini, Duce of Fascism, who officially governed on the behalf of the king of Ital ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protectionist
Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations. Proponents argue that protectionist policies shield the producers, businesses, and workers of the import-competing sector in the country from foreign competitors. Opponents argue that protectionist policies reduce trade and adversely affect consumers in general (by raising the cost of imported goods) as well as the producers and workers in export sectors, both in the country implementing protectionist policies and in the countries protected against. Protectionism is advocated mainly by parties that hold economic nationalist or left-wing positions, while economically right-wing political parties generally support free trade. There is a consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germanophile
A Germanophile, Teutonophile, or Teutophile is a person who is fond of German culture, German people and Germany in general, or who exhibits German patriotism in spite of not being either an ethnic German or a German citizen. The love of the ''German way'', called "Germanophilia" or "Teutonophilia", is the opposite of Germanophobia. History The term "Germanophile" came into common use in the 19th to 20th centuries - after the 1871 formation of the German Empire and its subsequent rise in importance. It is used not only politically but also culturally; for example, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), the famous, influential German philosopher, interpreted the geographic triad of Europe as comprising England (utilitarian pragmatism), France (revolutionary hastiness), and Germany (reflective thoroughness). In 19th-century romanticism in Britain, the term's antonym was Scandophile, expressing a dichotomy of associating Anglo-Saxon culture either with continental West Ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Expansionist Nationalism
Expansionist nationalism, is an aggressive radical form of nationalism or ''ethnic nationalism'' (''ethnonationalism'') that incorporates autonomous, heightened ethnic consciousness and patriotic sentiments with atavistic fears and hatreds focused on "other" or foreign peoples, framing a belief in expansion or recovery of formerly owned territories through militaristic means. History The term was coined during the late nineteenth century Comparfrequency of the term "expansionist nationalism" as European powers indulged in the "Scramble for Africa" (1880s onwards), but has been most associated with militarist governments during the 20th century, including Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Japanese Empire, and the Central and Eastern European countries of Albania (Greater Albania), Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria), Croatia ( Greater Croatia), Hungary ( Greater Hungary), Romania (Greater Romania) and Serbia (Greater Serbia). Ideology Expansionist nationalism is distinguished from l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statist
In political science, statism is the doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree. This may include economic and social policy, especially in regard to taxation and the means of production. While in use since the 1850s, the term statism gained significant usage in American political discourse throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Opposition to statism is termed anti-statism or anarchism. The latter is characterized by a complete rejection of all hierarchical rulership. Overview Statism can take many forms from small government to big government. Minarchism is a political philosophy that prefers a minimal state such as a night-watchman state to protect people from aggression, theft, breach of contract and fraud with military, police and courts. This may also include fire departments, prisons and other functions. The welfare state is another form within the spectrum of statism. Authoritarian philosophies view a strong, authoritative state as requi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Denis Mack Smith
Denis Mack Smith CBE FBA FRSL (3 March 1920 – 11 July 2017) was an English historian who specialized in the history of Italy from the Risorgimento onwards. He is best known for his biographies of Garibaldi, Cavour and Mussolini, and for his single-volume ''Modern Italy: A Political History''. He was named Grand Official of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1996. Early life Denis Mack Smith was born in Hampstead (north London), the son of tax inspector Wilfrid Mack Smith (1891–1975) and Altiora Edith Gauntlett (1888–1969), and was educated at St Paul's Cathedral Choir School and Haileybury College. He earned a degree in History at Peterhouse, Cambridge, and following his graduation, he was a fellow there for the next 15 years (1947–62). Career A Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford from 1962 to 1987, and then an Emeritus Fellow until his death, Mack Smith has been considered the world's leading scholar on Italian history for the English w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfredo Beccarini
Alfredo (, ) is a cognate of the Anglo-Saxon name Alfred and a common Italian, Galician, Portuguese and Spanish language personal name. People with the given name include: *Alfredo (born 1946), Brazilian footballer born as Alfredo Mostarda Filho *Alfredo II (1920–1997), Brazilian footballer born as Alfredo Ramos dos Santos * Albee Benitez (born 1966), Filipino-American businessman and politician born as Alfredo Benitez *Aldo Sambrell, a European actor also known as Alfredo Sanchez Brell *Alfredo (album), an album by Freddie Gibbs and the Alchemist *Alfredo Ábalos (born 1986), Argentine footballer *Alfredo Aceves (born 1982), Mexican baseball player *Alfredo Aglietti (born 1970), Italian footballer and manager *Alfredo Aguilar (born 1988), Paraguayan goaltender *Alfredo Armas Alfonzo (1921–1990), Venezuelan writer *Alfredo Alonso, Cuban-born media executive with Clear Channel Radio * Alfredo Álvarez Calderón (1918–2001), Peruvian diver *Alfredo Amézaga (born 1978), Mexi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
