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Demulcent
A demulcent (derived from the la, demulcere "caress") is a mucilaginous or oleaginous preparation that forms a soothing protective film over a mucous membrane, relieving minor pain and inflammation of the membrane. However, they generally help for less than 30 minutes. Demulcents are sometimes referred to as mucoprotective agents. Demulcents such as pectin, glycerin, honey, and syrup are common ingredients in cough mixtures and cough drops. Examples Natural demulcents include slippery elm, pectin, licorice-root and marsh-mallow. Synthetic demulcents include methylcellulose, propylene glycol, and glycerin Glycerol (), also called glycerine in British English and glycerin in American English, is a simple triol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. The glycerol backbone is found in lipids known .... References Further reading External links * {{Pharma-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulmus Rubra
''Ulmus rubra'', the slippery elm, is a species of elm native to eastern North America. Other common names include red elm, gray elm, soft elm, moose elm, and Indian elm. Description ''Ulmus rubra'' is a medium-sized deciduous tree with a spreading head of branches,Hillier & Sons. (1990). ''Hillier's Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 5th ed.''. David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK commonly growing to , very occasionally over in height. Its heartwood is reddish-brown. The broad oblong to obovate leaves are long, rough above but velvety below, with coarse double-serrate margins, acuminate apices and oblique bases; the petioles are long.Bean, W. J. (1970). ''Trees & Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'', 8th ed., p. 656. (2nd impression 1976) John Murray, London. The leaves are often tinged red on emergence, turning dark green by summer and a dull yellow in autumn. The perfect, apetalous, wind-pollinated flowers are produced before the leaves in early spring, usually in tight, sho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucilage
Mucilage is a thick, gluey substance produced by nearly all plants and some microorganisms. These microorganisms include protists which use it for their locomotion. The direction of their movement is always opposite to that of the secretion of mucilage. It is a polar glycoprotein and an exopolysaccharide. Mucilage in plants plays a role in the storage of water and food, seed germination, and thickening membranes. Cacti (and other succulents) and flax seeds are especially rich sources of mucilage. Occurrence Exopolysaccharides are the most stabilising factor for microaggregates and are widely distributed in soils. Therefore, exopolysaccharide-producing "soil algae" play a vital role in the ecology of the world's soils. The substance covers the outside of, for example, unicellular or filamentous green algae and cyanobacteria. Amongst the green algae especially, the group Volvocales are known to produce exopolysaccharides at a certain point in their life cycle. It occurs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucoprotective
Mucoprotective agents are pharmaceutical or herbal medicines that protect mucous membrane A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. It i ... tissues. They include such things as demulcents.Rouhi, Hamid, and Forouzan Ganji. "Effect of Althaea officinalis on cough associated with ACE inhibitors." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6.3 (2007): 256-258. References External links *{{cite journal , pmid=15038105 , year=2004 , last1=Sakamoto , first1=C , title=The role of mucoprotective drugs in gastric ulcer treatment: with specific reference to their effects on gastritis mucosa. , volume=62 , issue=3 , pages=566–70 , journal=Nippon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine DRUG PROFILE OF NOVAL ANTIULCER AND MUCOPROTECTIVE DRUG Herbalism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pectin
Pectin ( grc, πηκτικός ': "congealed" and "curdled") is a heteropolysaccharide, a structural acid contained in the primary lamella, in the middle lamella, and in the cell walls of terrestrial plants. The principal, chemical component of pectin is galacturonic acid (a sugar acid derived from galactose) which was isolated and described by Henri Braconnot in 1825. Commercially produced pectin is a white-to-light-brown powder, produced from citrus fruits for use as an edible gelling agent, especially in jams and jellies, dessert fillings, medications, and sweets; and as a chemical stabiliser in fruit juices and milk drinks, and as a source of dietary fiber. Biology Pectin is composed of complex polysaccharides that are present in the primary cell walls of a plant, and are abundant in the green parts of terrestrial plants. Pectin is the principal component of the middle lamella, where it binds cells. Pectin is deposited by exocytosis into the cell wall via vesicle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucous Membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. It is mostly of endodermal origin and is continuous with the skin at body openings such as the eyes, eyelids, ears, inside the nose, inside the mouth, lips, the genital areas, the urethral opening and the anus. Some mucous membranes secrete mucus, a thick protective fluid. The function of the membrane is to stop pathogens and dirt from entering the body and to prevent bodily tissues from becoming dehydrated. Structure The mucosa is composed of one or more layers of epithelial cells that secrete mucus, and an underlying lamina propria of loose connective tissue. The type of cells and type of mucus secreted vary from organ to organ and each can differ along a given tract. Mucous membranes line the digestive, respiratory and reproduct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Membrane
A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles. Membranes can be generally classified into synthetic membranes and biological membranes. Biological membranes include cell membranes (outer coverings of cells or organelles that allow passage of certain constituents); nuclear membranes, which cover a cell nucleus; and tissue membranes, such as mucosae and serosae. Synthetic membranes are made by humans for use in laboratories and industry (such as chemical plants). This concept of a membrane has been known since the eighteenth century but was used little outside of the laboratory until the end of World War II. Drinking water supplies in Europe had been compromised by the war and membrane filters were used to test for water safety. However, due to the lack of reliability, slow operation, reduced selectivity and elevated costs, membranes were not widely exploited. The fir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycerin
Glycerol (), also called glycerine in British English and glycerin in American English, is a simple triol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. The glycerol backbone is found in lipids known as glycerides. Because it has antimicrobial and antiviral properties, it is widely used in wound and burn treatments approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Conversely, it is also used as a bacterial culture medium. It can be used as an effective marker to measure liver disease. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pharmaceutical formulations. Because of its three hydroxyl groups, glycerol is miscible with water and is hygroscopic in nature. Structure Although achiral, glycerol is prochiral with respect to reactions of one of the two primary alcohols. Thus, in substituted derivatives, the stereospecific numbering labels the molecule with a "sn-" prefix before the stem name o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Honey
Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants (primarily floral nectar) or the secretions of other insects, like the honeydew of aphids. This refinement takes place both within individual bees, through regurgitation and enzymatic activity, as well as during storage in the hive, through water evaporation that concentrates the honey's sugars until it is thick and viscous. Honey bees stockpile honey in the hive. Within the hive is a structure made from wax called honeycomb. The honeycomb is made up of hundreds or thousands of hexagonal cells, into which the bees regurgitate honey for storage. Other honey-producing species of bee store the substance in different structures, such as the pots made of wax and resin used by the stingless bee. Honey for human consumption is collected from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syrup
In cooking, a syrup (less commonly sirup; from ar, شراب; , beverage, wine and la, sirupus) is a condiment that is a thick, viscous liquid consisting primarily of a solution of sugar in water, containing a large amount of dissolved sugars but showing little tendency to deposit crystals. Its consistency is similar to that of molasses. The viscosity arises from the multiple hydrogen bonds between the dissolved sugar, which has many hydroxyl (OH) groups. Culinary syrup There are a range of syrups used in food production, including: * Agave syrup, made from agave stem * Cane syrup, made from sugar canes * Chocolate syrup * Corn syrup * Glucose syrup * Golden syrup, a by-product of refining crystallized sugar * High fructose corn syrup, widely used in the US * Maple syrup Common syrups A variety of beverages call for sweetening to offset the tartness of some juices used in the drink recipes. Granulated sugar does not dissolve easily in cold drinks or ethyl alcohol. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Licorice-root
''Ligusticum'' (lovage, licorice root) is a genus of about 60 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Its name is believed to derive from the Italian region of Liguria.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan . Species *''Ligusticum ajanense'' *''Ligusticum albanicum'' *''Ligusticum apiifolium'' *''Ligusticum brachylobum'' *''Ligusticum calderi'' *'' Ligusticum californicum'' *''Ligusticum canadense'' *''Ligusticum canbyi'' - Canby's licorice root *''Ligusticum filicinum'' *'' Ligusticum gingidium'' *''Ligusticum grayi'' - oshala, Gray's lovage *'' Ligusticum holopetalum'' *''Ligusticum hultenii'' *''Ligusticum huteri'' *''Ligusticum ibukicola'' *''Ligusticum jeholense'' *''Ligusticum monnieri'' *''Ligusticum mutellina'' – alpine lovage *''Ligusticum porteri'' – oshá *''Ligusticum scoticum'' – Scots lovage *''Ligusticum sinense'' – ''gaoben'' 藁本 *''Ligusticum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marsh-mallow
''Althaea officinalis'', the marsh mallow or marshmallow, is a species of flowering plant indigenous to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, which is used in herbalism and as an ornamental plant. A confection made from the root since ancient Egyptian times evolved into today's marshmallow treat, but most modern marshmallow treats no longer contain any marsh-mallow root. Description This herbaceous perennial has stems which die down in the autumn, They typically grow , but can reach and put out only a few lateral branches. The leaves are shortly petioled, roundish, ovate-cordate, long, and about broad, entire or three to five lobed, irregularly toothed at the margin, and thick. They are soft and velvety on both sides, due to a dense covering of stellate hairs. The lilac-pink flowers are shaped like those of the common mallow, but are smaller and of a pale colour, and are either axillary, or in panicles, more often the latter. The stamens are united into a tube, the anther ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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